Codes and Frequencies
An 'X' indicates the category is available for that sample
| Code | Label |
hungar
1970
|
hungar
1980
|
hungar
1990
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | Hungarian | X | X | X |
| 20 | Slovakian | X | X | X |
| 30 | Rumanian | X | X | X |
| 40 | Croatian | X | X | X |
| 50 | Serbian | X | X | X |
| 60 | Slovenian | X | X | X |
| 70 | Gernam | X | X | X |
| 80 | Gypsy | X | X | X |
| 90 | Other, not specified | X | X | X |
| 91 | Arab | · | · | X |
| 92 | Bulgarian | · | · | X |
| 93 | Bunyevác, Sokác | · | · | X |
| 94 | Greek | · | · | X |
| 95 | Hindi | · | · | X |
| 96 | Polish | · | · | X |
| 97 | Russian | · | · | X |
| 98 | Spanish | · | · | X |
| 99 | Vietnamese | · | · | X |
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Explore how IPUMS created this variable
Most IPUMS data transformations are performed using variable harmonization tables that specify how each value in the source data is recoded. Some variables also require programming logic in addition to the harmonization table. The harmonization documents for this variable are:
- Harmonization table
- No supplemental programming
- Instructions for interpreting harmonization documents
Description
MTONGHU indicates the mother tongue or language spoken at home of persons in Hungary.
Comparability — General
MTONGHU indicates the first language learned in childhood and which the person's family spoke at home. (The 1970 census did not explicitly mention the "first language" criterion). It is unclear how respondents were to handle situations where mother tongue (language of childhood) was not spoken in the home. The instructions emphasized self-identification by the respondent.
The data are comparable apart from extra detail among "other" languages in 1990. Even more detail is available in the 1990 unharmonized source variable.
The 1990 census asked a separate question on language spoken in addition to mother tongue, recorded in LANGHU1.
The mother tongue question was asked in 2001, but is not included in the sample data.
Universe
- All persons
Availability
- Hungary: 1970, 1980, 1990
Questionnaire Text
| Hungary 1970 |
| Hungary 1980 |
| Hungary 1990 |
9. Native language
[] 2 Slovakian
[] 3 Rumanian
[] 4 Serbian, Croatian, other Yugoslav
[] 5 German
[] 6 Gypsy
[] 7 Other, namely ____
9. Mother tongue
In case of Southern Slavic languages -- Bunjevac, Chroatian, Shokatz, Rascian, Slovenian, Vendish -- as far as question 9 is concerned the Bunjevac, Chroatian and Shokatz languages are grouped as Chroatian language, the Serbian and Rascian languages are grouped as Serbian language, while the Slovenian and Vendish languages are grouped as "other Southern Slavic" languages.
9. Mother language
[] 2 Slovakian
[] 3 Romanian
[] 4 Croatian
[] 5 Serbian
[] 6 Slovenian
[] 7 German
[] 8 Gipsy
[] Other
9. Mother tongue
The mother tongue is the language first taught as a child and generally spoken with the family members and declared freely, without any intervention by the respondent. The mother tongue of the dumb and the infant is the language spoken by their relatives. As mother tongue only one language must be entered.
11. Mother tongue:
[] 02 Slovakian
[] 03 Romanian
[] 04 Croatian
[] 05 Serbian
[] 06 Slovenian
[] 07 German
[] 08 Gipsy
[] Other, specify it: ____
12. Do you speak any other language besides your mother tongue?
[] Yes, specify: ____
Mother tongue is the living language which one learns in one's childhood (as one's first language) and in which the person generally speaks with the members of his/her family and which one, free of all influences and true reality, declares to be his/her mother tongue. The mother tongue of the dumb and the infants unable to speak is the language in which their next of kin regularly speak.
12. Language spoken besides mother tongue
The living language besides mother tongue is the one in which the person is capable to understand and to make him/her understood by others. In case the person speaks several languages other than the mother tongue the one mostly used will be marked.