Questionnaire Text
Philippines 1990
— source variable PH1990A_LANG
— Mother tongue
Questionnaire form
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P13. Mother Tongue
What is the [respondent] 's dialect/language spoken at earliest childhood?
___ Enter appropriate code listed below.
If others, specify.
01 Tagalog
02 Cebuano
03 Hiligaynon
04 Ilocano
05 Ibanag
06 Pampango
07 Pangasinan
08 Waray
09 Bicol
10 Maguindanao
11 Maranao
__ Others, specify
Questionnaire instructions
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P13 Mother Tongue
Mother tongue refers to the language/dialect spoken by a person at his earliest childhood or the language/dialect that a person first learned to speak.
Data on this are used primarily in the analysis of the ethnic origin of a person long after assimilation to the other customs of the majority population has taken place. Mother tongue serves as a sensitive index of ethnic origin.
Ask the respondent the question in P13 , "What was _____'s dialect or language spoken at earliest childhood?" for all *members of the household. The languages/dialects and their corresponding codes are printed at the bottom of the questionnaire. If it is not among the pre-coded answers, write the language/dialect on the space provided.
Note that "Visaya" is not a specific dialect. There are different types of Visayan dialects such as Hiligaynon (Ilongo), Cebuano, Waray, etc.
For a child too young to be able to talk or for a person who is mute, the code for this particular question should be the same as that of his brothers and sisters. In case he has no brothers or sisters, follow that of his mother.
Philippines 1995
— source variable PH1995A_ETHNIC
— Ethnicity/mother toungue
Questionnaire form
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All Persons
[Applies to questions P1-P10]
P10. What is [respondent]'s citizenship?
If not Filipino, enter "97"
If Filipino, ask
What was [respondent]'s dialect/language spoken at home at earliest childhood?
[82 categories are specified in the CP Form 2A Codes Sheet: see image]
Questionnaire instructions
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Ethnicity (P10)
In the POPCEN, ethnicity of an individual is generally synonymous to the mother tongue or the language/dialect spoken at home at earliest childhood. Data on ethnicity will be obtained only for Filipino citizens. Filipinos who have acquired foreign citizenship will be considered foreign nationals and their ethnicity will not be recorded. Ethnicity of Filipinos with dual citizenship will, however, be recorded.
There are 82 possible responses for this item as listed in the Codes Sheet. Usually, all that you may need to know is the predominant language or dialect in the area. However, because of migration there may be individuals whose ethnicity differs from the predominant one and you should be aware of this possibility.
The operational definition of ethnicity, because of the blurring of ethnic identities and ethnic intermixture, is through SELF-ASCRIPTION. Ordinarily, an individual acquires the culture of the community in which he lives, thus, he learns to speak the language of his community (becoming bilingual if the community language is not his mother tongue), but by self-ascription he may claim another ethnicity.
To determine an individual's citizenship, ask the respondent "What is ________'s citizenship?" If the person is not a Filipino citizen, enter code 97 -- Alien. If Filipino, ask: "What was ________'s dialect or language spoken at home at earliest childhood?" Use one of the 82 codes for this item.
For children (of Filipino parents) speaking English at earliest childhood, the child's ethnicity would be that of the parent with whom he/she has more association. However, for children who do not talk yet at the time of the census, their dialect would be that of the mother.
[p. 95]
It is possible for siblings to have different ethnicity. For example, suppose a child who grew up with his grandparents in a province where the predominant language is different from the language in the province where his siblings live with their parents. In this case, the child's ethnicity would be different from his siblings as well as from his parents.