Codes and Frequencies
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Explore how IPUMS created this variable
Most IPUMS data transformations are performed using variable harmonization tables that specify how each value in the source data is recoded. Some variables also require programming logic in addition to the harmonization table. The harmonization documents for this variable are:
- Harmonization table
- Supplemental programming
- Instructions for interpreting harmonization documents
class Pension : public Editor {
public:
Pension(VarPointer varInfo) : Editor(varInfo) {}
void edit() {
long a = getRecoded();
switch (dataSet) {
case dataset_id::am2001a: {
if (AM2001A_0419() == 5 || AM2001A_0420() == 5)
a = 10;
} break;
case dataset_id::br2000a: {
if (BR2000A_0533() == 2 && BR2000A_0535() == 0)
a = 20;
if (BR2000A_0533() == 2 && BR2000A_0535() > 0)
a = 15;
} break;
case dataset_id::by2009a: {
a = 20;
if ((BY2009A_0423() == 5 || BY2009A_0445() == 5 || BY2009A_0446() == 5 ||
BY2009A_0447() == 5 || BY2009A_0449() == 5) &&
(BY2009A_0423() != 4 && BY2009A_0445() != 4 && BY2009A_0446() != 4 &&
BY2009A_0447() != 4 && BY2009A_0448() != 4))
a = 13;
if ((BY2009A_0423() == 4 || BY2009A_0445() == 4 || BY2009A_0446() == 4 ||
BY2009A_0447() == 4 || BY2009A_0448() == 4) &&
(BY2009A_0423() != 5 && BY2009A_0445() != 5 && BY2009A_0446() != 5 &&
BY2009A_0447() != 5 && BY2009A_0449() != 5))
a = 15;
if ((BY2009A_0423() == 4 || BY2009A_0445() == 4 || BY2009A_0446() == 4 ||
BY2009A_0447() == 4 || BY2009A_0448() == 4) &&
(BY2009A_0423() == 5 || BY2009A_0445() == 5 || BY2009A_0446() == 5 ||
BY2009A_0447() == 5 || BY2009A_0449() == 5))
a = 14;
if (BY2009A_0423() == 99 && BY2009A_0445() == 99 &&
BY2009A_0446() == 99 && BY2009A_0447() == 99 &&
BY2009A_0448() == 99 && BY2009A_0449() == 99)
a = 98;
} break;
case dataset_id::gr1991a: {
a = 20;
if (GR1991A_0432() == 2 || GR1991A_0433() == 2 || GR1991A_0434() == 2)
a = 10;
if (GR1991A_0432() == 9 || GR1991A_0433() == 9 || GR1991A_0434() == 9)
a = 99;
} break;
case dataset_id::mx1995a: {
a = 20;
if (MX1995A_0436() == 1 || MX1995A_0437() == 1 || MX1995A_0438() == 1)
a = 10;
if (MX1995A_0436() == 0)
a = 99;
if (MX1995A_0436() == 9)
a = 98;
} break;
case dataset_id::pl2002a: {
a = 20;
if (PL2002A_0454() == 8 || PL2002A_0455() == 8 || PL2002A_0456() == 8)
a = 11;
if (PL2002A_0454() == 9 || PL2002A_0455() == 9)
a = 11;
if (PL2002A_0454() == 10 || PL2002A_0455() == 10 || PL2002A_0456() == 10)
a = 12;
if (PL2002A_0454() == 11 || PL2002A_0455() == 11)
a = 14;
if (PL2002A_0454() == 12 || PL2002A_0455() == 12 || PL2002A_0456() == 12)
a = 14;
if (PL2002A_0454() == 0)
a = 99;
if (PL2002A_0454() == 99)
a = 98;
} break;
case dataset_id::za2007a: {
a = 15;
if (ZA2007A_0433() == 0)
a = 99;
if (ZA2007A_0434() == 1 && ZA2007A_0433() != 1 && ZA2007A_0435() != 1 &&
ZA2007A_0436() != 1 && ZA2007A_0437() != 1 && ZA2007A_0438() != 1)
a = 13;
if (ZA2007A_0434() == 1 &&
(ZA2007A_0433() == 1 || ZA2007A_0435() == 1 || ZA2007A_0436() == 1 ||
ZA2007A_0437() == 1 || ZA2007A_0438() == 1))
a = 14;
if (ZA2007A_0434() == 2 && ZA2007A_0433() == 2 && ZA2007A_0435() == 2 &&
ZA2007A_0436() == 2 && ZA2007A_0437() == 2 && ZA2007A_0438() == 2)
a = 20;
} break;
case dataset_id::mx2005h:
case dataset_id::mx2005i:
case dataset_id::mx2005j:
case dataset_id::mx2005k:
case dataset_id::mx2006h:
case dataset_id::mx2006i:
case dataset_id::mx2007i:
case dataset_id::mx2008i:
case dataset_id::mx2009h:
case dataset_id::mx2010h:
case dataset_id::mx2011h:
case dataset_id::mx2012h:
case dataset_id::mx2013h:
case dataset_id::mx2014h:
case dataset_id::mx2015h:
case dataset_id::mx2016h:
case dataset_id::mx2017h:
case dataset_id::mx2018h:
case dataset_id::mx2019h:
case dataset_id::mx2020h: {
long p9n1 = valueFromFirstAvailable(
{MX2005H_0909_ref, MX2005I_0909_ref, MX2005J_0909_ref,
MX2005K_0909_ref, MX2006H_0909_ref, MX2006I_0909_ref,
MX2007I_0909_ref, MX2008I_0909_ref, MX2009H_0909_ref,
MX2010H_0909_ref, MX2011H_0909_ref, MX2012H_0909_ref,
MX2013H_0909_ref, MX2014H_0909_ref, MX2015H_0909_ref,
MX2016H_0909_ref, MX2017H_0909_ref, MX2018H_0909_ref,
MX2019H_0909_ref, MX2020H_0909_ref});
long p9n2 = valueFromFirstAvailable(
{MX2005H_0910_ref, MX2005I_0910_ref, MX2005J_0910_ref,
MX2005K_0910_ref, MX2006H_0910_ref, MX2006I_0910_ref,
MX2007I_0910_ref, MX2008I_0910_ref, MX2009H_0910_ref,
MX2010H_0910_ref, MX2011H_0910_ref, MX2012H_0910_ref,
MX2013H_0910_ref, MX2014H_0910_ref, MX2015H_0910_ref,
MX2016H_0910_ref, MX2017H_0910_ref, MX2018H_0910_ref,
MX2019H_0910_ref, MX2020H_0910_ref});
long p9n3 = valueFromFirstAvailable(
{MX2005H_0911_ref, MX2005I_0911_ref, MX2005J_0911_ref,
MX2005K_0911_ref, MX2006H_0911_ref, MX2006I_0911_ref,
MX2007I_0911_ref, MX2008I_0911_ref, MX2009H_0911_ref,
MX2010H_0911_ref, MX2011H_0911_ref, MX2012H_0911_ref,
MX2013H_0911_ref, MX2014H_0911_ref, MX2015H_0911_ref,
MX2016H_0911_ref, MX2017H_0911_ref, MX2018H_0911_ref,
MX2019H_0911_ref, MX2020H_0911_ref});
long p9n4 = valueFromFirstAvailable(
{MX2005H_0912_ref, MX2005I_0912_ref, MX2005J_0912_ref,
MX2005K_0912_ref, MX2006H_0912_ref, MX2006I_0912_ref,
MX2007I_0912_ref, MX2008I_0912_ref, MX2009H_0912_ref,
MX2010H_0912_ref, MX2011H_0912_ref, MX2012H_0912_ref,
MX2013H_0912_ref, MX2014H_0912_ref, MX2015H_0912_ref,
MX2016H_0912_ref, MX2017H_0912_ref, MX2018H_0912_ref,
MX2019H_0912_ref, MX2020H_0912_ref});
long p9n5 = valueFromFirstAvailable(
{MX2005H_0913_ref, MX2005I_0913_ref, MX2005J_0913_ref,
MX2005K_0913_ref, MX2006H_0913_ref, MX2006I_0913_ref,
MX2007I_0913_ref, MX2008I_0913_ref, MX2009H_0913_ref,
MX2010H_0913_ref, MX2011H_0913_ref, MX2012H_0913_ref,
MX2013H_0913_ref, MX2014H_0913_ref, MX2015H_0913_ref,
MX2016H_0913_ref, MX2017H_0913_ref, MX2018H_0913_ref,
MX2019H_0913_ref, MX2020H_0913_ref});
long p9n6 = valueFromFirstAvailable(
{MX2005H_0914_ref, MX2005I_0914_ref, MX2005J_0914_ref,
MX2005K_0914_ref, MX2006H_0914_ref, MX2006I_0914_ref,
MX2007I_0914_ref, MX2008I_0914_ref, MX2009H_0914_ref,
MX2010H_0914_ref, MX2011H_0914_ref, MX2012H_0914_ref,
MX2013H_0914_ref, MX2014H_0914_ref, MX2015H_0914_ref,
MX2016H_0914_ref, MX2017H_0914_ref, MX2018H_0914_ref,
MX2019H_0914_ref, MX2020H_0914_ref});
long p9n9 = valueFromFirstAvailable(
{MX2005H_0915_ref, MX2005I_0915_ref, MX2005J_0915_ref,
MX2005K_0915_ref, MX2006H_0915_ref, MX2006I_0915_ref,
MX2007I_0915_ref, MX2008I_0915_ref, MX2009H_0915_ref,
MX2010H_0915_ref, MX2011H_0915_ref, MX2012H_0915_ref,
MX2013H_0915_ref, MX2014H_0915_ref, MX2015H_0915_ref,
MX2016H_0915_ref, MX2017H_0915_ref, MX2018H_0915_ref,
MX2019H_0915_ref, MX2020H_0915_ref});
if (p9n3 == 2 && (p9n1 == 1 || p9n2 == 1 || p9n4 == 1 || p9n5 == 1 ||
p9n6 == 1 || p9n9 == 1)) {
a = 20;
}
} break;
}
setData(a);
}
};
Description
PENSION indicates whether the respondent received a pension or similar benefits.
Comparability — Index
|
GENERAL Argentina Armenia Belarus Brazil Germany |
Greece Indonesia Jamaica Kyrgyzstan Mexico Poland |
Russia South Africa Switzerland Ukraine Uruguay Venezuela |
Comparability — General
PENSION comprises various forms of financial support that the respondent receives from the government, private firms, or other individuals. The pension types reported most often are those for retirement, disability, or social/survivor benefits. However, some samples include in the same question other forms of public assistance, such as food stamps.
The questionnaire typically identifies whether the respondent had a pension or not or indicates the type of pension received. Some samples ascertain whether a person had a pension as a source of income or livelihood, or as their main source of income or livelihood. Users should refer to the enumeration documents, which generally describe the specific benefits covered by each sample.
Most samples are broad in their age-universe scope, but some apply questions about pensions only to older-age individuals. In these cases, the variable does not necessarily distinguish whether it is specifically a retirement pension or another type.
See the variable INCRET for the pension amount received by the respondent for selected samples. Users can also identify retirees and persons living on rents using EMPSTAT.
Comparability — Argentina [top]
Both 1991 and 2001 questions asked whether the person receives a "pension or retirement payment", without specifying the type of assistance received.
Comparability — Armenia [top]
In 2010, respondents reported whether they receive a pension as their primary or secondary source of livelihood. The pension may be of different types, such as old age, handicap, or a social pension. Allowances and monetary assistance are identified among sources of livelihood, but they are not harmonized as having a pension.
Comparability — Belarus [top]
The 1999 and 2009 samples asked about all available sources of livelihood. In 1999, pensions group multiple types, such as old age, survivor, or retirement pensions. In 2009, respondents reported separately disability from other pensions.
Comparability — Brazil [top]
The Brazil 1991, 2000, and 2010 samples indicate whether the respondent received retirement income or a pension. The 1991 sample identifies separately retirement from other pensions, while the 2000 and 2010 samples do not allow making this distinction.
Comparability — Germany [top]
The 1971 sample only identifies whether the respondent receives any pension, while the 1981 sample distinguishes between retirement, disability, and other types of pensions.
Comparability — Greece [top]
In 1991, people reported pensions among their main three sources of income.
Comparability — Indonesia [top]
The 2005 census asks this information only of persons above age 60. Persons reported whether they received social security or a retirement pension, but the documentation does not clarify whether social security is a benefit conceptually different from retirement.
Comparability — Jamaica [top]
The 2001 census question asked whether persons age 60+ received social welfare benefits or a pension (including retirement, national insurance, food stamps, or other public assistance). This broader definition may consider additional benefits not counted in other samples. A separate unharmonized source variable distinguishes between food stamps and other types of social welfare, but only a small proportion of respondents provided this information.
Comparability — Kyrgyzstan [top]
The 1999 sample asked about the person's sources of livelihood; pensions refer to those for retirement, disability, survivors, or long service.
Comparability — Mexico [top]
The 1995, 2000, and 2010 samples ask about persons receiving retirement or a pension as a (non-work) source of income. The question in 1995 sample includes pensions from social security (such as IMSS or ISSSTE) due to retirement, old age, disability, or survivor benefits.
In 2015, an unharmonized source variable indicates whether any household member is receiving retirement money or a pension; this information is not included in PENSION because it does not identify which persons have this benefit.
Between 2000 and 2020, separate unharmonized source variables include related information, regarding access to work benefits from the retirement savings system (SAR) or the Retirement Fund Management Company (AFORE).
The Mexico labor force surveys asked people who ever worked whether they receive any income from a pension or retirement fund. This information is only available in the survey quarters that used the long form questionnaire. The survey samples also include separate unharmonized source variables that indicate whether a retirement fund (SAR or AFORE) is one of the benefits available to working respondents (only those who are paid subordinate workers).
Comparability — Poland [top]
In 1978 and 2002, the census question referred to these types of benefits among non-earned sources of income; respondents reported one source in 1978 and up to three sources in 2002.
In both samples respondents can include economically active persons who also had non-earned income.
Comparability — Russia [top]
The 2002 and 2010 samples asked about sources of income available to the respondent. The census question distinguished only disability from other pensions (which may include retirement, social, or other types), and allowed a person to report both disability and other pension types.
Comparability — South Africa [top]
In 2007, the census question asks whether the respondent received any type of social or government grants, which include disability and other types of pensions (old age, child support, etc.) "Social relief" is a form of temporary social assistance to cover basic needs, but it is not harmonized into PENSION.
Comparability — Switzerland [top]
The 2011 sample identifies a retired person in receipt of a benefit different than disability insurance (no further details about the type but it is assumed to be retirement), or a disabled person in receipt of disability insurance.
Comparability — Ukraine [top]
The 2001 sample asked about the sources of living for respondents, which include receiving a pension. Enumeration instructions indicate that these benefits encompass old age, disability, long service, survivor, or social pensions.
Comparability — Uruguay [top]
The 1996, 2006, and 2011 samples report whether the respondent is retired or is receiving any type of pension, while the 2006 sample further specifies which pension type.
In 2006 and 2011, enumeration instructions establish that a retiree worked in the past and contributed to the social security system, while a pensioner does not require prior contributions.
Comparability — Venezuela [top]
The 1990 sample asked specifically whether the person received income from a pension or retirement during the last month from the census date.
Universe
- Argentina 1991: All persons
- Argentina 2001: All persons
- Armenia 2001: All persons
- Belarus 1999: All persons
- Belarus 2009: All persons
- Brazil 1991: Persons age 10+
- Brazil 2000: Persons age 10+
- Brazil 2010: Persons age 10+
- Germany 1971: All persons
- Germany 1981: All persons
- Greece 1991: Persons age 10+
- Indonesia 2005: Persons age 60+
- Jamaica 2001: Persons age 60+
- Kyrgyzstan 1999: Persons age 16+
- Mexico 1995: Persons age 12+
- Mexico 2000: Persons age 12+
- Mexico 2010: Persons age 12+
- Mongolia 2020: Persons age 15+
- Poland 1978: Persons who receive non-earned income
- Poland 2002: Persons who receive non-earned income
- Russia 2002: All persons
- Russia 2010: All persons
- South Africa 2007: Persons not residing in institutions
- Switzerland 2011: All persons
- Ukraine 2001: All persons
- Uruguay 1996: All persons
- Uruguay 2006: Persons age 14+
- Uruguay 2011: Persons age 12+
- Venezuela 1990: Persons age 12+
Availability
- Argentina: 1991, 2001
- Armenia: 2001
- Belarus: 1999, 2009
- Brazil: 1991, 2000, 2010
- Germany: 1971, 1981
- Greece: 1991
- Indonesia: 2005
- Jamaica: 2001
- Kyrgyzstan: 1999
- Mexico: 1995, 2000, 2005Q1, 2005Q2, 2005Q3, 2005Q4, 2006Q1, 2006Q2, 2007Q2, 2008Q2, 2009Q1, 2010, 2010Q1, 2011Q1, 2012Q1, 2013Q1, 2014Q1, 2015Q1, 2016Q1, 2017Q1, 2018Q1, 2019Q1, 2020Q1
- Mongolia: 2020
- Poland: 1978, 2002
- Russia: 2002, 2010
- South Africa: 2007
- Switzerland: 2011
- Ukraine: 2001
- Uruguay: 1996, 2006, 2011
- Venezuela: 1990
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