Codes and Frequencies
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Explore how IPUMS created this variable
Most IPUMS data transformations are performed using variable harmonization tables that specify how each value in the source data is recoded. Some variables also require programming logic in addition to the harmonization table. The harmonization documents for this variable are:
- Harmonization table
- Supplemental programming
- Instructions for interpreting harmonization documents
class Migyrs1 : public Editor {
public:
Migyrs1(VarPointer varInfo) : Editor(varInfo) {}
void edit() {
long a = getRecoded();
switch (dataSet) {
case dataset_id::pl2002a: {
if (PL2002A_0436() == 2)
a = 14;
} break;
case dataset_id::ls1996a: {
if (LS1996A_0412() == 0 && LS1996A_0411() == 11)
a = 99;
} break;
}
setData(a);
}
};
Description
MIGYRS1 indicates how many years the person has resided in their current locality of residence.
Comparability — Index
Comparability — General
The variable is conceptually similar across samples, but there are comparability issues with respect to intervalled data, geographic units, and universes.
Some samples reported year of migration as intervals. The data in those samples are coded in MIGYRS1 to the first year of the interval. The comparability discussion for the country indicates when a sample was coded into intervals. The original intervals are recorded in the unharmonized source variables.
Most samples report migration for relatively small, sub-country geographic units, such as villages or municipalities. Some report somewhat larger units, like the second administrative level of the country. The Mexico samples and some Indonesian samples report only moves between states, the major administrative level. The units for each country are given in their respective comparability sections below.
For moves between dwellings that may not have involved a change of localities, see the variable MIGYRS2, which records movement between dwellings.
Some samples include only migrants in the universe, others include all persons. The universe for Spain 1981-1991 is restricted to persons who moved within the last ten years.
The data for a number of samples are calculated from the calendar year of migration. Unless the census was taken on January 1, the calculations distort the actual years since migration by a number of months. They overestimate the duration in current residence. These samples are noted in the country-specific comparability discussions.
A series of other variables report the specific places respondents lived at some point in the past.
Comparability — Armenia [top]
The data record migration between cities or rural areas for the 2001 sample. The data record migration between administrative regions and within administrative regions if there was a change in rural/urban environments for the 2011 sample.
The data are calculated from year of migration and are therefore inaccurate by a few months, because the census occurred in October. The data are top-coded at 86+ and 76+ years for the 2001 and 2011 samples, respectively.
Comparability — Belarus [top]
The data record migration between settlements or rural districts. The data are calculated from calendar year of migration.
Comparability — Benin [top]
In 1979, responses were recorded in interval, which are coded to the first year of the interval in MIGYRS1. The data are top coded at 15+ years in 1979, 50+ years in 1992, 60+ years in 2002, and 98+ years in 2013.
Comparability — Brazil [top]
The data in all samples record migration between municipalities. The 1970 and 1980 samples have a top-code of 11 and 10 years respectively, while the 1991, 2000, and 2010 samples have no top-code. The 1970 and 1980 samples provide less detail than later samples, as they have intervals for 6 to 10 years and 6 to 9 years, respectively.
Moves between states -- the major administrative level -- are recorded for 1960-2010 in MIGYRSBR. Years in dwelling are available for the 1991 sample in MIGYRS2.
Comparability — Cambodia [top]
The data are comparable with minor universe differences. The 2004 data are top-coded at 50 years, 2013 data at 55 years, and the 2019 data at 70 years.
Comparability — Cameroon [top]
The data record migration between arrondissements. The 1976 and 1987 samples only record data for people who moved. The 2005 data include even persons who never migrated and which therefore should record their age.
Comparability — Chile [top]
The data record migration between localities (place of enumeration).
Comparability — Colombia [top]
The data record migration between municipalities. Municipalities are often smaller than the units identified in MIGCO3, which are groupings of municipalities whose population totals at least 20,000.
The universe in both samples includes persons who never moved, who presumably reported their age.
Comparability — Costa Rica [top]
The data record migration between counties.
Comparability — Cuba [top]
The 2002 sample records the years corresponding to migration between municipalities. The 2012 sample indicates years since any change in the place of settlement or residency.
The 2002 sample is top-coded at 80+ years and the 2012 sample at 90+ years.
Comparability — Ecuador [top]
The data record migration between cities or rural parishes.
Comparability — Egypt [top]
The variable describes migration between towns or districts.
The universe statement varies between the samples: the 1986 and 1996 samples include all persons, while the 2006 sample includes only non-visiting respondents.
Comparability — El Salvador [top]
The data are calculated from year of migration and are therefore inaccurate by a few months because the 1992 and 2007 censuses occurred in October and June, respectively.
The variable describes migration between cantons.
Comparability — Ethiopia [top]
The variable describes migration between towns in 1984, between weredas (third-level administrative divisions) in 1994, and between towns or rural parts of weredas in 2007. The universe statements differ slightly between samples.
Responses were combined into groups; the data are coded to the first year of the interval. The original intervals are as follows:
1994 and 2007: Less than 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 to 6, 7 to 9, 10+
Comparability — Guatemala [top]
The universes differ across samples: the 1981 sample records responses from all persons while the 1964 and 1994 samples consists of responses from persons who have ever lived outside the municipality of residence at the time of enumeration.
The source variable for 1964 is less detailed, providing intervals of years that are top coded at 20 years. This is not the case for the 1981 and 1994 samples.
Comparability — Guinea [top]
The data record migration between prefectures.
Responses for the 1996 sample were combined into groups; the data are coded to the first year of the interval. The original 1996 intervals are as follows: Less than 1, 1 to 4, 5 to 9, and 10+. The 2014 data indicates year-by-year length of residence.
The 2014 sample is top-coded at 70+ years.
Comparability — Haiti [top]
The data record migration between arrondissements. All samples report migration years as intervals in the source variables. The 1982 and 2003 samples are top-coded at 10 or more years.
Comparability — Indonesia [top]
The samples differ in the geographical unit specified and the universe. The 1980, 1985 and 1995 samples enumerate all persons, whereas the 1971, 1990 and 2005 samples only enumerate persons who moved between geographical units.
The 1971, 1980 and 1990 samples describe duration in the province of residence; the 1985 and 2005 samples describe duration in the regency/municipality of residence; the 1995 sample describes duration in the village of residence.
Comparability — Iran [top]
The variable describes migration between villages. It captures only migration that occurred within the 10 years prior to the 2006 census.
Comparability — Iraq [top]
The data record migration between "places of residence", which we interpret to mean locality.
Comparability — Israel [top]
In 2008, the variable describes migration between localities. Responses for the 2008 sample were combined into intervals indicating the calendar year moving to the current locality; the data are coded to the most recent year of the interval. See the source variable for further detail. The data are top-coded at 61+ years.
Comparability — Jamaica [top]
The variable describes migration between parishes. The universe of respondents varies between the three samples.
Comparability — Jordan [top]
The data record migration between localities. For non-Jordanians it records duration of residence in Jordan.
Comparability — Kenya [top]
The data record migration between districts. MIGYRS1 is calculated from year and month of migration, based on the date of the census.
The data are top-coded at 80 years in the 1999 sample, 95 years in the 2009 sample, and 111 years in the 2019 sample (1908 and before).
The universe also changed for the 2019 sample. The universe for the 2019 sample is all persons 1+, whereas in previous samples the universe is persons not living in tents.
Comparability — Kyrgyzstan [top]
The data record migration between administrative districts. The data are calculated from year of migration. The census occurred in March, thus the data overestimate duration of residence.
Comparability — Lesotho [top]
In the 1996 sample, the census question asked of years of residence in the village if the respondent has moved within the preceding 10 years. For this sample, persons who lived in the same village for 10 years or more are considered as non-movers and are excluded from the universe. In the 2006 sample, the data refer to the years of residence in the village.
In both samples, persons who left the village for a period of six months or more and later returned were instructed to give the duration as only the latest period of stay.
The data are top-coded at 89+ years in 2006.
Comparability — Malawi [top]
In the 2008 sample, the sample universe is persons in private dwellings who ever lived outside their current locality of residence. In 2018, the sample universe is all persons, and the data was top-coded at 105 years.
Comparability — Malaysia [top]
The data record migration between towns. Responses above five years were combined into groups; the data are coded to the first year of the interval. Both samples are top-coded at 21+ years.
The original intervals are as follows:
1980: 6 to 9, 10, 11 to 20, 21+
Comparability — Mali [top]
The data record migration between circles in all sample years, but the universe statements differ. In 1987, people who did not change circles are not in the universe. In 1998 and 2009, duration of stay in the current circle is recorded for everyone except visitors.
Comparability — Mexico [top]
The data record migration between states. The samples differ as to classification of persons who moved within the previous year. The 1960 sample integrates these persons into code "1"; the 1970 sample does not separate this population from the unknown category, thus such cases are coded as unknown; the 1995 sample does distinguish cases with code "0" (less than 1 year) from code "1" (1 year).
Comparability — Mongolia [top]
The 2000 data record describes migration between provinces (aimags). The data are calculated from year of migration, but because the census occurred in January, the duration measures are accurate.
For the 2010 sample, this variable is based on the year a person migrated from their previous residence, and the universe is persons who have not lived in the same province since birth. The data is top-coded at 70 years (1940 or earlier).
For the 2020 sample, this variable is based on the year a person moved to their current residence, and the universe is persons who ever moved since birth and who answered the long form questionnaire. The variable is top-coded at 56 years (1964 or before).
Comparability — Morocco [top]
The variable describes migration between communes.
Comparability — Mozambique [top]
For the 2017 sample, the data records the number of years a person has lived in their current district. The universe is persons who were not born in their current district. And the data were top-coded at 91 years.
Comparability — Myanmar [top]
In 2014, the data record movement between townships where the person usually resided. The data are top-coded at 90+ years.
Comparability — Nepal [top]
The data record migration between districts.
Comparability — Pakistan [top]
The data record migration between localities (villages, towns or cities).
Comparability — Panama [top]
The data record migration between localities or hamlets. The data for 1980 are calculated from calendar year of migration.
The 2000 sample had a migration variable with three intervals that could not be integrated into MIGYRS1. See the unharmonized variable PA2000A_0416.
Comparability — Paraguay [top]
The data are calculated from year of migration and are therefore inaccurate by a few months because the census occurred in August.
The variable describes migration between district or department with no distinction being made. The data are top-coded at 37+ years.
Comparability — Philippines [top]
The data record migration between cities or municipalities.
Comparability — Poland [top]
The census question records migration between localities (village or city). The data for 2002 are top coded at 14+ years, for those who have lived in current locality since 1988 or longer.
Comparability — Romania [top]
The data for the 1977-2002 samples are calculated from the calendar year of establishing legal residence. Each sample was conducted early in the year, thus the data consistently overestimate duration of residence by many months. The data in 2011 was directly provided in terms of years of residence.
The 1977 variable records migration between localities: municipality, town, or commune. The data for 1992-2002 describe migration between counties. In 2011, duration of residence refers to number of years in the current locality.
The universe includes all persons in 2011, but it only comprises persons who migrated in 1977-2002.
Comparability — Russia [top]
The data record migration between localities. The source data report actual year of migration and are recoded into number of years since migration.
Comparability — Rwanda [top]
The data record migration between commune (townships) for 1991, and between districts for 2002.
Comparability — Slovenia [top]
The data record migration between settlements. Responses were combined into year ranges and are coded to the first year of the interval. The original intervals are as follows: 1 to 3, 4 to 7, 8 to 11, 12 to 21, 22 to 31, 32 to 41, and 42 to 56.
Comparability — South Sudan [top]
This variable refers to how long the person has lived in their current state of residence.
Comparability — Spain [top]
The data record migration between municipalities.
The 1981 and 1991 samples only record migrations for persons who changed municipalities within ten years of the census. The 2001 and 2011 samples record migrations for everyone; persons who never changed municipalities reported their age.
The data for all samples are calculated from calendar year of migration. The 1991 sample combined responses for persons who moved in 1990 and 1991, therefore there is no response for "under 1 year" in that sample.
Comparability — Sudan [top]
The variable describes migration between states.
Comparability — Thailand [top]
The universes differ slightly. The 1970 and 1980 samples exclude persons under age 5.
The data for all samples record migration between villages or municipalities, but the categories are different in different sample years. In 1970, data are recorded in 5 year intervals for years 5 to 20+, and are coded at the low end of the interval. In 2000, duration is capped at 5 years or more.
NOTE: In 1990 and 2000, the data include additional categories for people who did not report precise number of years residing in the same locality. Additional categories for living in a place "less than 5 years" or "more than 5 years" are included at the high end of codes for this variable.
Comparability — Togo [top]
The universe varies between samples: all persons in 1960; and resident persons who have ever lived outside of their current canton in 2010. The data record moves between municipalities in 1960 and between cantons in 2010.
Comparability — Trinidad and Tobago [top]
The variable is only available in the 1970 census. It describes migration from a town, parish, county, or other major area to another. The data are top-coded at 79 years.
Comparability — Uganda [top]
The data for the 1991, 2002, and 2014 samples describe migration between districts.
Comparability — Uruguay [top]
The variable describes migration between localities. The 2006 sample was a survey and only a subset of respondents was asked the migration question.
The 2011 sample is top-coded at 30 years. In 2011, responses of less than one year are combined with one year.
Comparability — Venezuela [top]
The data record migration between populated areas. Responses were combined into groups; the data are coded to the first year of the interval. The original intervals are as follows: 2 to 4, 5 to 9, 10 to 14, 15 to 19, 20+.
The 1971 sample has a migration variable with three intervals that could not be integrated into MIGYRS1. See the unharmonized variable VE1971A_0412.
Comparability — Zambia [top]
There are minor universe and top-code differences between samples. Absent household members are not included in 2010.
The 1990 and 2000 enumeration instructions indicate that this question should have been asked only of present household members and visitors, but district of birth is reported for almost all absent household members; they are included in the universe.
Universe
- Armenia 2001: Persons who ever lived outside their current locality of residence
- Armenia 2011: Persons who ever lived outside their current locality of residence
- Belarus 1999: Persons who ever lived outside their current settlement of residence
- Benin 1979: All persons
- Benin 1992: Resident persons who ever moved
- Benin 2002: Resident persons who ever moved
- Benin 2013: Resident persons
- Brazil 1970: Persons who ever lived outside their current municipality of residence
- Brazil 1980: Persons who ever lived outside their current municipality of residence
- Brazil 1991: Persons who ever lived outside their current municipality of residence
- Brazil 2000: Persons who ever lived outside their current municipality of residence
- Brazil 2010: Persons who ever lived outside their current municipality of residence
- Cambodia 1998: Non-visitors who ever lived outside their current village
- Cambodia 2004: Persons who ever lived outside their current village
- Cambodia 2008: Non-visitors who ever lived outside their current village
- Cambodia 2013: Present persons who ever lived outside their current village
- Cambodia 2019: Persons who ever lived outside their current village
- Cameroon 1976: Persons who have ever lived outside their current district
- Cameroon 1987: Persons who have ever lived outside their current district
- Cameroon 2005: Residents of the household
- Chile 1960: Persons who ever lived outside their current locality of residence
- Colombia 1964: Persons who ever lived outside their current municipality of residence
- Colombia 1973: Persons who ever lived outside their current municipality of residence
- Costa Rica 1963: Persons who ever lived outside their current city or parish of residence
- Cuba 2002: All persons
- Cuba 2012: Persons who moved location of residence
- Ecuador 1962: Non-visitors
- Ecuador 1974: Non-visitors
- Ecuador 1982: Non-visitors
- Ecuador 2001: Non-visitors
- Egypt 1986: All persons
- Egypt 1996: Persons who changed municipalities in the last 10 years
- Egypt 2006: All persons
- El Salvador 1992: Persons who ever lived outside their current locality of residence
- El Salvador 2007: Persons who ever lived outside their current locality of residence
- Ethiopia 1984: Residents of the household who ever lived outside their current locality
- Ethiopia 1994: Residents of the household who ever lived outside their current locality
- Ethiopia 2007: Long-form respondents who ever lived outside their current locality
- Ghana 2010: All persons
- Guatemala 1964: Persons who ever lived outside their current municipality
- Guatemala 1981: All persons
- Guatemala 1994: Persons who ever lived outside their current municipality
- Guinea 1996: Persons who have ever lived outside their current prefecture
- Guinea 2014: Persons who have ever lived outside their current prefecture
- Haiti 1971: Persons who ever lived outside their current regency/municipality
- Haiti 1982: Persons who ever lived outside their current place of residence
- Haiti 2003: Persons who ever lived outside their current place of residence
- Indonesia 1971: Persons who ever lived outside their current place of residence
- Indonesia 1980: Persons who changed villages in the last 10 years
- Indonesia 1985: Persons who changed villages in the last 10 years
- Indonesia 1990: Persons who ever lived outside their current place of residence
- Indonesia 1995: Persons who changed villages in the last 10 years
- Indonesia 2005: Persons in private households and some group quarters
- Iran 2006: All persons
- Iraq 1997: Persons whose place of enumeration was different from their place of birth
- Israel 2008: Persons age 15+ who ever lived outside their current locality
- Jamaica 1982: Persons who ever lived outside their current district of residence
- Jamaica 1991: Persons not living in their administrative district of birth
- Jamaica 2001: Persons who ever lived outside their current village of residence
- Jordan 2004: All persons
- Kenya 1999: Persons not living in tents
- Kenya 2009: Persons not living in tents
- Kenya 2019: Persons age 1+
- Kyrgyzstan 1999: Persons who ever lived outside their current province of residence
- Kyrgyzstan 2009: Persons who ever lived outside their current province of residence
- Lesotho 1996: Persons age 10+ who moved within the previous 10 years
- Lesotho 2006: All persons
- Malawi 2008: Persons in private dwellings who ever lived outside their current locality of residence
- Malawi 2018: All persons
- Malaysia 1970: Persons age 5+
- Malaysia 1980: Persons age 5+
- Mali 1987: Persons who ever lived outside their current state of residence
- Mali 1998: Non-visitors
- Mali 2009: Non-visitors
- Mexico 1960: Persons in non-indigenous dwellings who ever lived outside their current locality of residence
- Mexico 1970: Persons in non-indigenous dwellings who ever lived outside their current locality of residence
- Mexico 1995: Persons in non-indigenous dwellings who ever lived outside their current locality of residence
- Mongolia 2000: Persons not living in their district of birth
- Mongolia 2010: Persons who have not lived in the same province since birth
- Mongolia 2020: Persons who ever moved since birth and who answered the long form questionnaire
- Morocco 1982: Persons not living in their province of birth
- Morocco 1994: Non-visitors
- Morocco 2004: Persons not living in their province of birth
- Mozambique 2017: Persons who were not born in their current district
- Myanmar 2014: Persons in conventional households
- Nepal 2001: Persons who ever lived outside their current district
- Nepal 2011: Persons who ever lived outside their current district
- Pakistan 1973: All persons
- Panama 1960: Persons who ever lived outside their current locality of residence
- Panama 1980: Persons who ever lived outside their current county of residence
- Paraguay 1992: Persons born outside their district or department of residence
- Philippines 1990: Non-visitors who ever lived outside their current locality of residence
- Poland 2002: Persons who previously lived in another locality
- Romania 1977: Persons who ever lived outside their current settlement of residence
- Romania 1992: Persons who ever lived outside their current canton
- Romania 2002: Persons who ever lived outside their current canton
- Romania 2011: All persons
- Russia 2002: Persons who ever lived outside their current locality
- Russia 2010: Persons who ever lived outside their current locality
- Rwanda 1991: Persons age 5+
- Rwanda 2002: Persons age 5+
- Slovenia 2002: Persons who ever lived outside their current district of residence
- South Sudan 2008: Persons in the fourth sample trimester who ever lived outside the current locality of residence
- Spain 1981: Household residents who ever lived outside their current prefecture of residence
- Spain 1991: Household residents who ever lived outside their current prefecture of residence
- Spain 2001: Persons who ever lived outside their current province
- Spain 2011: All persons
- Sudan 2008: All persons
- Thailand 1970: Persons who had ever lived in another arrondissement
- Thailand 1980: Persons who had ever lived in another arrondissement
- Thailand 1990: Residents of the household
- Thailand 2000: Residents of the household
- Togo 1960: All persons
- Togo 2010: Resident persons who ever lived outside their current canton
- Trinidad and Tobago 1970: All persons
- Uganda 1991: Persons not living in their municipality of birth who have lived in their current municipality for less than 40 years
- Uganda 2002: Persons not living in their municipality of birth who have lived in their current municipality for less than 40 years
- Uganda 2014: All persons
- Uruguay 2006: Persons in the fourth sample trimester who ever lived outside the current locality of residence
- Uruguay 2011: Persons who ever lived outside the current locality of residence
- Venezuela 1981: All persons
- Zambia 1990: All persons
- Zambia 2000: All persons
- Zambia 2010: Present household members and visitors
Availability
- Armenia: 2001, 2011
- Belarus: 1999
- Benin: 1979, 1992, 2002, 2013
- Brazil: 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000, 2010
- Cambodia: 1998, 2004, 2008, 2013, 2019
- Cameroon: 1976, 1987, 2005
- Chile: 1960
- Colombia: 1964, 1973
- Costa Rica: 1963
- Cuba: 2002, 2012
- Denmark: 1885
- Ecuador: 1962, 1974, 1982, 2001
- Egypt: 1986, 1996, 2006
- El Salvador: 1992, 2007
- Ethiopia: 1984, 1994, 2007
- Ghana: 2010
- Guatemala: 1964, 1981, 1994
- Guinea: 1996, 2014
- Haiti: 1971, 1982, 2003
- India: 1983, 1987, 1999
- Indonesia: 1971, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2005
- Iran: 2006
- Iraq: 1997
- Israel: 2008
- Jamaica: 1982, 1991, 2001
- Jordan: 2004
- Kenya: 1999, 2009, 2019
- Kyrgyzstan: 1999, 2009
- Lesotho: 1996, 2006
- Malawi: 2008, 2018
- Malaysia: 1970, 1980
- Mali: 1987, 1998, 2009
- Mexico: 1960, 1970, 1995
- Mongolia: 2000, 2010, 2020
- Morocco: 1982, 1994, 2004
- Mozambique: 2017
- Myanmar: 2014
- Nepal: 2001, 2011
- Pakistan: 1973
- Panama: 1960, 1980
- Paraguay: 1992
- Philippines: 1990
- Poland: 2002
- Romania: 1977, 1992, 2002, 2011
- Russia: 2002, 2010
- Rwanda: 1991, 2002
- Slovenia: 2002
- South Sudan: 2008
- Spain: 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011
- Sudan: 2008
- Thailand: 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000
- Togo: 1960, 2010
- Trinidad and Tobago: 1970
- Uganda: 1991, 2002, 2014
- Uruguay: 2006, 2011
- Venezuela: 1981
- Zambia: 1990, 2000, 2010
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