Comparability — Canada [top]

The 2001 sample has no responses for "less than one year," because the original data combined 2000 and 2001 in one category. The categories for 2011 are "0 to 4 years", "5 to 10 years", and "11 or more years" following the source variable responses.

The universe differs among samples. The Canadian data in 1991 are restricted to permanent residents born abroad who are not from the Atlantic Provinces and the territories. The 2001 and 2011 census questions also refer to foreign-born persons who have permanent residence (landed immigrant). The 1971 and 1981 samples do not include specific instructions on this regard.

Data are available for persons in the Atlantic Provinces in 1991, but they were coded into broad intervals incompatible with YRSIMM2. See the unharmonized source variable.

The census question in all samples refers to the year corresponding to the first time the person immigrated to Canada (not the most recent if the person immigrated more than once).

Comparability — Dominican Republic [top]

The 1981 census was both de jure and de facto. The 2002 and 2010 censuses were de jure. In 1981, the question was asked only of habitually resident foreign-born persons. Therefore, this variable is comparable across all samples.

Comparability — France [top]

The 2006 sample has no responses for "less than one year," because the original data has a single category for persons with "fewer than 5 years" since immigrated.

Comparability — Italy [top]

Comparability — Jamaica [top]

The universe for Jamaica 1982 and 2001 is foreign-born persons; in 1991 it is foreign-born persons in private households or selected collective households (including religious, educational, military, and other institutions).

The 1982 and 1991 samples have no responses for "less than one year". In Jamaica 1982 this is because the original data combined 1980-1982 in one category. In Jamaica 1991 there were no persons declaring that year as their time of arrival to the country.

Comparability — Nicaragua [top]

The 1971 data are classified into 5-year intervals from 7-21 years and therefore are difficult to code in this variable -- the 7-11 year range is recoded as "5 to 9 years". Those immigrating in 1970-1971 (0-1 years) are coded as "Less than 1 year".

The 1995 data does not contain any responses indicating a 1995 arrival, so there no responses for "Less than 1 year."

Comparability — Panama [top]

Immigrants who arrived within one year of the census are not distinguished from those who arrived 1 to 4 years ago.

Comparability — Paraguay [top]

Tourists who are included in the 2002 census universe were coded as "NIU (not in unverse)."

Comparability — Spain [top]

Comparability — Trinidad and Tobago [top]

In 1970, the census question was applied to persons born abroad, while in 2011 the universe is restricted to persons born abroad in private households.

The 1970 sample have no responses for "less than one year", because the original data combined 1969-1970 in one category.

Comparability — Venezuela [top]

In the 1981 sample, immigrants who arrived within one year of the census are not identified.