Codes and Frequencies
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Explore how IPUMS created this variable
Most IPUMS data transformations are performed using variable harmonization tables that specify how each value in the source data is recoded. Some variables also require programming logic in addition to the harmonization table. The harmonization documents for this variable are:
- Harmonization table
- Supplemental programming
- Instructions for interpreting harmonization documents
class Tv : public Editor {
public:
Tv(VarPointer varInfo) : Editor(varInfo) {}
void edit() {
long a = getRecoded();
switch (dataSet) {
case dataset_id::jo2004a: {
if (JO2004A_0033() == 1 && JO2004A_0034() == 1)
a = 21;
if (JO2004A_0033() == 1 && JO2004A_0034() == 2)
a = 22;
if (JO2004A_0033() == 1 && JO2004A_0034() == 3)
a = 23;
if (JO2004A_0033() == 1 && JO2004A_0034() == 4)
a = 24;
} break;
case dataset_id::do1981a: {
if (DO1981A_0073() == 9 && DO1981A_0072() == 9)
a = 0;
if (DO1981A_0073() == 9 && DO1981A_0072() == 8)
a = 99;
} break;
case dataset_id::ng2008a: {
if (NG2008A_0045() == 2 && NG2008A_0051() == 1)
a = 20;
} break;
case dataset_id::ng2009a: {
if (NG2009A_0049() == 2 && NG2009A_0055() == 1)
a = 20;
} break;
}
setData(a);
}
};
Description
TV indicates whether the household had a television.
Comparability — Index
Comparability — General
The variable is basically comparable across samples, but there are some differences. Some samples indicate the number of televisions and some older samples differentiate between color and black-and-white units.
Responses indicating that the household had any color television are classified as "yes, at least one color television" or by the number of color televisions, excluding any details about black-and-white units. The availability or number of black-and-white televisions is only harmonized for those households that do not have any color television. Additional information is available in the unharmonized source variables for those samples that include both types of television units.
Comparability — Benin [top]
The 2013 census asked whether the household owns a television that is in functional condition.
Comparability — Botswana [top]
The 2001 and 2011 samples specify that televisions should be in working condition.
Comparability — Brazil [top]
In 1991 and 2000, only units in usable condition were to be considered. The 1960, 1970, and 2010 samples indicate whether the household has a television or not. The 1980 sample specifies identifies the availability of both color and black-and-white units. In 1991, the sample includes specific counts of color televisions with only a yes/no indicator of black-and-white televisions.
Comparability — Burkina Faso [top]
Only functional units were to be considered. The maximum value is 5 or more units.
Comparability — Cambodia [top]
The 2013 sample is top-coded at 5+ televisions and 2019 sample is top-coded at 8+ televisions.
Comparability — Canada [top]
The 1971 sample includes some households who have both color and black-and-white televisions in the category "yes, at least one color television".
Comparability — Chile [top]
1970 is the only sample that does not differentiate between color and black-and-white units. The 1982, 1992, and 2002 samples include households who have both color and black-and-white televisions in the category "yes, at least one color television".
Comparability — Costa Rica [top]
Only the 1984 sample differentiates between color and black-and-white units, with those indicating both categorized as "at least one color television". In the 2011 sample there are two source variables concerning televisions in the private dwelling. One variable records whether the dwelling has a TV screen and the other variable records whether the dwelling has a conventional TV. Households with TV screens and/or conventional televisions are included in the "Yes" category in the integrated TV variable.
Comparability — Côte d'Ivoire [top]
The census question in 1988 and 1998 requires the television to be in working condition.
Comparability — Dominican Republic [top]
In 1981 there are two source variables concerning televisions in the household. One variable records whether the household has an electric or non-electric television. The other variable records the number of televisions in the household. Households with an electric or non-electric television are included in the "Yes" category in the integrated TV variable. See the 1981 source variables for more detail.
In the 2002 and 2010 samples, "Yes" indicates that the household owns a television. The source variables do not indicate the number of televisions in the household or differentiate between color and black-and-white units.
Comparability — Egypt [top]
The 1986 and 1996 samples differentiate between color and black-and-white. Households who indicate they have both are categorized as "at least one color television". The 2006 sample does not differentiate, but does record the number of total televisions; televisions are counted when they are being used or set for future use. The instructions of 1986 and 1996 specify that the purpose of tenure of this appliance must be for use and not commerce.
Comparability — El Salvador [top]
The data are comparable across samples.
Comparability — Ethiopia [top]
In 1984 and 1994, the question about whether the household had a television was asked of urban households only. The 2007 sample's universe is all households that responded to the long form. In 1984, enumerators were instructed to answer "yes" even if the television was not in working order. In 1994, non-working televisions that a household did not intend to repair were not included in the "yes" category. The 2007 sample only considered televisions in working condition.
Comparability — Fiji [top]
The 1996 sample records ownership of a "video/tv". In 2007 and 2014, the census form indicates only "tv" for this question and it requests the number of such appliances.
Comparability — Haiti [top]
The 2003 sample records the number of televisions.
Comparability — Honduras [top]
In 2001, the census question includes the television even if it is found in poor working condition awaiting repair. The 1988 and 2013 sample do not clarify whether it needs to be in working condition or not.
Comparability — Indonesia [top]
The 1976, 1980, 1985, 1990, and 1995 samples all explicitly ask about possession of a television, not ownership. The 1990 and 1995 samples include televisions that were out of order but could be repaired. The 2005 question is explicitly concerned with ownership. Therefore, even if the television was not in the house at the time of enumeration, the household was considered to own a television. In addition, if the television was out of order, it was still considered to be owned.
Comparability — Israel [top]
The censuses indicated the presence of a television in the household, not necessarily ownership of the unit.
The 1983 sample differentiates between color and black-and-white units.
Comparability — Kenya [top]
The 2019 sample identifies households with at least one television (TV). The enumeration instruction defines a TV set as a device capable of receiving broadcast television signals, using means such as over the air, cable and satellite. The 2019 sample includes four types of TV sets: a. TV with free to air set top box/ Built in digital TV b. TV with pay TV decoder c. Internet protocol TV (IPTV) d. Analogue TV with no connection with free to air set-top-box or a digital TV. More details can be found in the enumerator instructions.
Comparability — Laos [top]
In 2015, the census question required that the television had to be in working order.
Comparability — Lesotho [top]
In 2006, the census question specifies that the television had to be in working condition over the previous month.
Comparability — Malawi [top]
Only units in working condition are considered. The 2018 sample includes all households.
Comparability — Malaysia [top]
The 1980 sample includes those who indicate both black-and-white and color televisions as "at least one color television".
Comparability — Mexico [top]
In all years the variable indicates possession of a television in the dwelling. In 2000, 2015 and 2020, enumerators were instructed to include broken or inoperable televisions, provided that the household intended to repair the unit.
The 1960 sample is a sample of individuals, not households. Only heads of households and people living alone have most household-level information.
In the 2015 census, in addition to a question about television ownership, the enumeration form inquired about ownership of flat screen televisions. The flat screen televisions are considered as color televisions.
In 2000, 2010, 2015, and 2020, enumerators were instructed to exclude appliances that belong to the business or institution where one of the dwelling occupants works.
Comparability — Mozambique [top]
The 2007 sample specifies that the television must be in working order, the 2017 sample does not specify this.
Comparability — Nepal [top]
In 2001, televisions include black-and-white or color televisions and can be battery operated or electric. In 2011, the question asks whether the household has a television in working condition or that can be easily repaired; enumerators were indicated to include both black-and-white and color, in addition to mobile devices used as televisions.
Comparability — Nicaragua [top]
The data in both samples refer to ownership.
Comparability — Panama [top]
The 2010 sample record the number of televisions, while the previous years do not.
Comparability — Philippines [top]
The 2010 census only considers television sets in working condition.
Comparability — Puerto Rico [top]
The census asked about televisions in working order.
Comparability — Rwanda [top]
The 2012 census question requires the television to be in functioning condition; this is not specified in 2002. There is also a top code of 3+ televisions in the 2012 census.
Comparability — Saint Lucia [top]
The census recorded the number of televisions owned or rented by the household. The 1991 sample is top coded at 3+ televisions.
Comparability — Senegal [top]
There are slight differences in how the variable was recorded in each census year. In 1988, the census recorded the number of working televisions. In 2002 and 2013, the census recorded whether or not the household had a television in working order or not working temporarily.
Comparability — Sierra Leone [top]
In 2004, only units in working condition were to be considered.
Comparability — South Africa [top]
The 2011 sample recorded two types of television ownership; one records presence of a standard TV and the other records presence of a satellite TV. Households with either type of television (or both) are included in the "yes" category. The 2001-2016 samples require televisions to be in working condition.
Comparability — Suriname [top]
The 2012 census asks whether a television is at the household's disposal and in working condition.
Comparability — Tanzania [top]
The 2012 sample specifies that the television must be in working order.
Comparability — Thailand [top]
The earlier censuses, 1970 and 1980, record only whether or not the household had a television. 1990 and 2000 censuses record the number of televisions, but only the 1990 census differentiated between color and black-and-white. 1990 records separate numbers of each type of television in the source variables.
The 2000 sample is top coded at 7 and over.
Comparability — Trinidad and Tobago [top]
The 1990 and 2000 samples ask about color or black and white televisions; the census question for 2011 simply refers to televisions.
Comparability — Uganda [top]
The 2014 sample records the number of televisions and is top coded at 6+.
Comparability — United States [top]
Only units in usable condition were to be considered.
Comparability — Uruguay [top]
In the 1985 and 1996 samples, the data are derived from separate questions for color and black-and-white televisions where those who indicated ownership of both are categorized as "at least one color television". The 2006 and 2011 questionnaires only ask about color televisions and specify the number. The full details are preserved in the unharmonized source variables.
Comparability — Venezuela [top]
The data are comparable across samples.
Comparability — Vietnam [top]
The 2009 and 2019 samples identify whether the household is using a television, regardless of ownership.
Comparability — Zambia [top]
The 1990 source variable indicates the number of televisions in the household and is top coded at 4+ televisions. The 2000 and 2010 source variables do not indicate the number of televisions in the household.
Group quarters are included in the universe in the 2000 sample; only private households are included in the 1990 and 2010 samples.
Universe
- Benin 2013: All households
- Bolivia 2001: Private occupied dwellings
- Bolivia 2012: Private occupied dwellings
- Botswana 2001: Private households
- Botswana 2011: Private households
- Brazil 1960: Not group quarters or improvised dwellings
- Brazil 1970: Not group quarters or improvised dwellings
- Brazil 1980: Not group quarters or improvised dwellings
- Brazil 1991: Not group quarters or improvised dwellings; only households with electric lighting, with or without a meter
- Brazil 2000: Not group quarters or improvised dwellings
- Brazil 2010: Not group quarters or improvised dwellings
- Burkina Faso 2006: All households
- Cambodia 2008: Regular households
- Cambodia 2013: All households
- Cambodia 2019: All households
- Canada 1971: Private households
- Chile 1970: Occupied dwellings
- Chile 1982: Private occupied dwellings with people present
- Chile 1992: Private occupied dwellings
- Chile 2002: Private occupied dwellings
- Colombia 2005: All households
- Costa Rica 1963: Private dwellings
- Costa Rica 1973: Occupied private dwellings
- Costa Rica 1984: Occupied private dwellings
- Costa Rica 2000: Occupied private dwellings
- Costa Rica 2011: Private dwellings
- Côte d'Ivoire 1988: All households
- Côte d'Ivoire 1998: Ordinary households
- Dominican Republic 1981: Occupied dwellings
- Dominican Republic 2002: Private occupied designated house
- Dominican Republic 2010: Private occupied dwellings
- Egypt 1986: All households
- Egypt 1996: All households
- Egypt 2006: Private households
- El Salvador 1992: Occupied private households
- El Salvador 2007: Occupied private dwellings with people present
- Ethiopia 1984: Urban households
- Ethiopia 1994: Urban households with information collected
- Ethiopia 2007: Households that responded to the long form
- Fiji 1996: All households
- Fiji 2007: All households
- Fiji 2014: All households
- Guatemala 1964: All households
- Guatemala 1981: Private occupied households
- Haiti 2003: Occupied private households
- Honduras 1988: Private households
- Honduras 2001: Private households
- Honduras 2013: Private households
- Indonesia 1976: All households
- Indonesia 1980: All households
- Indonesia 1985: All households
- Indonesia 1990: All households
- Indonesia 1995: All households
- Indonesia 2005: All households
- Israel 1972: Dwellings that filled household questionnaire
- Israel 1983: Regular households
- Israel 1995: Private and Kibbutz households
- Israel 2008: Private households
- Jordan 2004: Not hotel or public housing unit
- Kenya 2009: Conventional households or refugee camps
- Kenya 2019: Private households
- Laos 2015: All households
- Lesotho 2006: All households
- Liberia 2008: All households
- Malawi 2008: Private households
- Malawi 2018: All households
- Malaysia 1970: All households
- Malaysia 1980: Non-collective households
- Malaysia 1991: Non-collective households
- Malaysia 2000: All households
- Mexico 1960: Households in which the head was sampled
- Mexico 1970: All households
- Mexico 2000: All households
- Mexico 2005: Private dwellings built for habitation
- Mexico 2010: Private dwellings built for habitation
- Mexico 2015: Private dwellings built for habitation
- Mexico 2020: Private dwellings built for habitation
- Morocco 2004: Non-tent households
- Morocco 2014: All households
- Mozambique 2007: Households in private occupied dwellings
- Mozambique 2017: All households
- Myanmar 2014: Conventional households
- Nepal 2001: All households
- Nepal 2011: All households
- Nicaragua 1971: Occupied private households
- Nicaragua 2005: Private households with inhabitants present or hotel, boarding house and guest house
- Palestine 1997: All households
- Palestine 2007: All households except those in Jerusalem annexed by Israel in 1967
- Panama 1980: Private occupant present non-condemned households
- Panama 1990: Private occupied households
- Panama 2000: Private occupied households
- Panama 2010: Private occupied households
- Paraguay 1972: Private occupied households
- Paraguay 1982: Private occupied households
- Paraguay 1992: Private occupied households
- Paraguay 2002: Private or multi-household dwellings
- Peru 1993: Private occupied dwellings
- Peru 2007: Private occupied dwellings
- Peru 2017: Private occupied dwellings with persons present
- Philippines 1990: All households
- Philippines 2000: All households
- Philippines 2010: All households
- Puerto Rico 1970: Private occupied dwellings
- Rwanda 2002: Private households
- Rwanda 2012: All households
- Saint Lucia 1991: All households
- Senegal 1988: All households
- Senegal 2002: All households
- Senegal 2013: Ordinary households
- Sierra Leone 2004: All households
- Sierra Leone 2015: Occupied households
- South Africa 2001: Non-homeless households
- South Africa 2007: Non-institutional households
- South Africa 2011: Households in housing units or converted hostels
- South Africa 2016: All households
- South Sudan 2008: All households
- Sudan 2008: All households
- Suriname 2012: All households
- Tanzania 2012: All households
- Thailand 1970: Urban and sampled rural private non-mobile households
- Thailand 1980: Private households
- Thailand 1990: Private households
- Thailand 2000: Private households
- Togo 2010: All households
- Trinidad and Tobago 1990: All households
- Trinidad and Tobago 2000: Households that completed the interview
- Trinidad and Tobago 2011: Private occupied households
- Uganda 2002: Private households
- Uganda 2014: All households
- United States 1960: Not group quarters or vacant units (question answered by only 20% of households)
- Uruguay 1985: Occupied private dwellings with dwellers present
- Uruguay 1996: Occupied private households
- Uruguay 2006: All households
- Uruguay 2011: Occupied private households
- Venezuela 1971: Non-collective occupied dwellings
- Venezuela 1981: Occupied dwellings
- Venezuela 1990: Non-collective permanent occupied dwellings, not including "other type" private dwellings
- Venezuela 2001: Permanently occupied private dwellings
- Vietnam 1999: Non-homeless households
- Vietnam 2009: All households
- Vietnam 2019: All households
- Zambia 1990: Occupied private households
- Zambia 2000: All households
- Zambia 2010: All households
Availability
- Benin: 2013
- Bolivia: 2001, 2012
- Botswana: 2001, 2011
- Brazil: 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000, 2010
- Burkina Faso: 2006
- Cambodia: 2008, 2013, 2019
- Canada: 1971
- Chile: 1970, 1982, 1992, 2002
- Colombia: 2005
- Costa Rica: 1963, 1973, 1984, 2000, 2011
- Côte d'Ivoire: 1988, 1998
- Dominican Republic: 1981, 2002, 2010
- Egypt: 1986, 1996, 2006
- El Salvador: 1992, 2007
- Ethiopia: 1984, 1994, 2007
- Fiji: 1996, 2007, 2014
- Guatemala: 1964, 1981
- Haiti: 2003
- Honduras: 1988, 2001, 2013
- Indonesia: 1976, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2005
- Israel: 1972, 1983, 1995, 2008
- Jordan: 2004
- Kenya: 2009, 2019
- Laos: 2015
- Lesotho: 2006
- Liberia: 2008
- Malawi: 2008, 2018
- Malaysia: 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000
- Mexico: 1960, 1970, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020
- Morocco: 2004, 2014
- Mozambique: 2007, 2017
- Myanmar: 2014
- Nepal: 2001, 2011
- Nicaragua: 1971, 2005
- Nigeria: 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
- Palestine: 1997, 2007
- Panama: 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010
- Paraguay: 1972, 1982, 1992, 2002
- Peru: 1993, 2007, 2017
- Philippines: 1990, 2000, 2010
- Puerto Rico: 1970
- Rwanda: 2002, 2012
- Saint Lucia: 1991
- Senegal: 1988, 2002, 2013
- Sierra Leone: 2004, 2015
- South Africa: 2001, 2007, 2011, 2016
- South Sudan: 2008
- Sudan: 2008
- Suriname: 2012
- Tanzania: 2012
- Thailand: 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000
- Togo: 2010
- Trinidad and Tobago: 1990, 2000, 2011
- Uganda: 2002, 2014
- United States: 1960
- Uruguay: 1985, 1996, 2006, 2011
- Venezuela: 1971, 1981, 1990, 2001
- Vietnam: 1999, 2009, 2019
- Zambia: 1990, 2000, 2010
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