Comparability — Armenia [top]

Persons with dual citizenship that includes Armenia are coded to Armenia.

Comparability — Austria [top]

Austria samples are comparable across years. The classification used in 2001 is more detailed than other years.

In 2011, persons coded as having citizenship in the European Union (Original 15) exclude those who are Austrian citizens. Other European Union expansion categories can be distinguished in the source variable if desired. Persons who are stateless are combined with "unknown."

Comparability — Burkina Faso [top]

The classification used in 2006 is more detailed than the one in 1996.

Comparability — Cameroon [top]

The classification used in 2005 is more detailed than other years.

Comparability — Canada [top]

In the 1971 sample, persons who are citizens of more than one country are coded according to a single citizenship, preferably the last one acquired. In the 2001 and 2011 samples, persons with dual citizenship are coded to the country other than Canada.

Comparability — France [top]

Persons born in France are assumed to have French citizenship. The classifications used in 2006 and 2011 are more detailed than other years.

Comparability — Germany [top]

The 1970 sample identifies considerably more nationalities than the 1987 sample.

In the Germany 1970 census, stateless persons are merged into a single category with those from Australia and New Zealand.

In the Germany 1987 census, persons who have German/foreign dual nationalities are categorized as German. Persons whose nationality is included in the "other" category and stateless persons are not separately identified, so both are considered as corresponding to "other countries."

Comparability — Greece [top]

In all years, if the respondent had another citizenship in addition to Greek citizenship, the country of citizenship other than Greece was recorded in NATION. To determine if the respondent had Greek citizenship, see CITIZEN.

Comparability — Indonesia [top]

The 1980-1995 censuses only differentiate Indonesian, Chinese, and other foreign citizens. The 1971, 2000 and 2010 offer more detail on other countries/regions.

Comparability — Ireland [top]

In the Ireland 2002 census, persons without nationality are included within the unknown category; in 2006 and 2011, persons without nationality are separately identified.

Comparability — Italy [top]

The 2001 and 2011 samples identify region of the country of citizenship, besides Italian citizenship. The variable is more detailed in 2001 with respect to 2011.

Comparability — Malaysia [top]

The universe for the 1980 sample includes only persons age 12 and older.

Comparability — Mauritius [top]

In 1990 and 2011 Mauritius census, the question was asked to all persons; however in 2000, the question was only asked to persons without a Mauritian citizenship.

Comparability — Mongolia [top]

The 1989, 2000, and 2010 samples includes all persons in the universe for this questions. In 2020, the question was only asked to foreign citizens or stateless persons. The source variable also provides more detail on specific states in Asia and Europe.

Comparability — Mozambique [top]

The universe for the 1997 and 2007 sample includes only household residents whereas the universe is all persons for the 2017 sample.

Comparability — Netherlands [top]

The data only identifies the Netherlands, "other countries in Europe", and "other countries".

Comparability — Portugal [top]

Persons with dual citizenship that includes Portugal are coded to Portugal.

Comparability — Russia [top]

Persons with dual nationality are classified according to the non-Russian country of citizenship. These cases can be identified using CITIZEN.

Comparability — Rwanda [top]

Persons with dual citizenship that includes Rwanda are coded to Rwanda.

Comparability — Spain [top]

In 1981 and 1991, if the respondent had another citizenship in addition to Spanish citizenship, the country of citizenship other than Spain was recorded in NATION. To see if the respondent had Spanish citizenship, check CITIZEN.

Comparability — Switzerland [top]

Switzerland samples are comparable across years. Persons with dual Swiss/foreign nationalities are coded to Switzerland.

Comparability — Tanzania [top]

In the 2012 sample, dual citizenship that includes Tanzania is categorized as being Tanzanian.

Comparability — Togo [top]

In all years, a single census question was used to elicit foreign nationality or Togolese ethnicity. The data are comparable apart from difference in the specific nationalities identified.

Comparability — Zambia [top]

In 1990 and 2000, the question was asked of all persons. In 2010, the question was asked of present household members and visitors. The 1990 and 2000 enumeration instructions indicate that this question should have been asked only of present household members and visitors, but country of citizenship is reported for almost all absent household members; they are included in the universe.