Question 14. Sources of livelihood
Before asking this question a person interviewed is to be given a card with all sources of livelihood listed. After the list has been studied, the person is to name one or several sources of livelihood out of those listed. Based on the answer the enumerator is to circle codes corresponding to one or several responses given.
After this the enumerator is to question the person about the main source of livelihood, which is to be named by the person him/herself.
If a person questioned names only one source of livelihood, the code corresponding to this source is to be entered in a special box as main.
If a person questioned names several sources of livelihood, it should be cleared up which of the sources named he/she considers the main one and the code of this source is to be entered in a special box.
Any of sources listed on the card can be named as main if:
- compensation or income is higher than in other sources of livelihood;
- income is permanent;
- on an equal level, the source with most days worked is to be preferred.
The category of those having work, both as employees and self-employed, covers persons who at the moment of census:
- performed work, whether it was a permanent, temporary, seasonal or other paid work, as well as worked for profit as self-employed, alone or with one or a few partners, both engaging or not engaging employees, irrespective of the dates of receiving a direct payment or profit for their work;
- worked without payment in their family business or on their family farm;
- were temporarily absent from work, but kept formal attachment to their work.
The following is to be considered as temporary absence from work:
- illness or injury, care for sick persons;
- annual leave or weekend, compensatory leave or time-off, compensation of overtime or work on a public holyday;
- statutory maternity and child-care leave;
- educational leave;
- unpaid or paid leave on the initiative of administration;
- rotational, seasonal or other specialized mode of operation;
- strike action;
- other reasons.
Besides, the category of persons with employment includes people engaged in spring, summer or autumn to perform seasonal work (e.g., in agriculture, water transport, fishery, etc.).
Students and pensioners having employment or gainful business are to be referred to those employed or self-employed on the same ground as other categories of persons.
The activity of persons engaged in non-reimbursable public or voluntary works is not to be marked as a source of livelihood.
Employees (those working under a written labour contract or verbal agreement) cover persons that concluded with the administration of an enterprise, organization, institution of any ownership or with a private employer a written labour contract or verbal agreement about working conditions and receive emolument (in cash or in kind). The following codes are used for this category:
Code 1 "At enterprise, organization, institution" is to be marked for those employed at enterprises, organizations, institutions of any ownership (e.g. at a state-owned or communal enterprise, joint-stock company, private or joint venture, public or religious organization, fund, production cooperative, etc.); as well as for paid apprentices.
Code 1 "At enterprise, organization, institution" is also to be marked as a source of livelihood for all military servicemen (other than army conscripts), wage and salary workers of military units living outside closed territories.
Code 2 "On a farm" is to be marked for persons employed in farming (peasant) enterprises and receiving remuneration for their labour (both in cash and in kind).
Code 3 "For individuals (including those rendering household services)" is to be marked for persons employed on an individual basis by individuals (e.g. salesmen, vendors) or those rendering household services for payment in cash or in kind (e.g., cooks, tutors, drivers, baby-sitters, etc.)
Self-employed include persons who work at their own working place or enterprise for making profit or family income in cash or in kind, and also for persons who own their business but do not temporarily work for any reason. The following codes are used in this category:
Code 4 "Owner of enterprise, farm (employer)" is to be marked for persons working on their own account or with partners and engaging one or more employees.
Code 5 "On an individual basis" is to be marked for self-employed persons engaged in individual professional or commercial activity.
Code 6 "Unpaid family worker at family enterprise or farm" is to be marked for persons working without compensation on a family farm or at an enterprise owned by relatives.
Code 7 "At personal subsidiary plot" is to be marked for people carrying out in their personal subsidiary plots (including gardens, kitchen gardens, country house plots, etc.) agricultural works and livestock management. This source of livelihood is to be marked not only for persons engaged in production of agricultural products for sale, but also for those producing agricultural products for own consumption if this kind of activity provides a considerable contribution to the total household consumption.
Code 8 "Scholarship" is to be marked for students receiving scholarships (including scholarships paid to students detached by enterprises, organizations, or employment services).
Code 9 "Pension" is to be marked for persons receiving old age or retirement, disability, survivor's, and long service pensions. It should be borne in mind that "pension" is to be marked for persons whom it is granted, but not for those who actually receive it. So the survivor's pension granted to children is to be marked for children, but not for their mother or father, even if they are actual recipients.
Code 10 "Benefit (other than unemployment benefit)" is to be marked for persons receiving:
- common monthly low-income family/citizens benefit, which is assigned to: children under 16 years of age and pupils of general education schools up to completion of training, but not after the attainment of the age of 18 years; pupils of basic vocational schools, students of secondary and higher education establishments up to the attainment of the age of 21 years; nonworking pensioners; disabled persons;
- one-time maternity grant;
- benefit to mothers giving birth to twins (triplets or more children);
- benefit to nonworking mothers with children under 1.5 years of age;
- monthly social benefit assigned to:
handicapped children, children having infantile cerebral paralysis, children HIV-positive or sick with AIDS; those disabled, the aged, mother-heroines, children in the case of loss of breadwinner if these categories of citizens are not entitled to pension. It should be noted that "benefit" is to be marked for persons whom it is granted, but not for those who actually receive it.
Code 11 "Unemployment benefit" is to be marked for persons registered with the employment services as unemployed and who are recipients of unemployment benefits.
Code 12 "Other government support" is to be encircled for inmates of infant's homes, children's homes, boarding schools, boarding houses for the aged and invalids and similar persons supported by governmental and non-governmental organizations.
Code 13 "Property income" is to be encircled for persons gaining income in the form of interest on their money deposits, credits, loans, equities, shares, as dividends or difference in rates, and for persons gaining income in the form of rent for housing, storage and other space, cars, instruments of labour, and land.
Code 14 "Dependent" is to be encircled for persons, living at the expense of relatives or other people, as well as for persons receiving alimony.
Code 15 "Other source" is to be encircled for persons having other sources of livelihood than those listed above. For example, personal or family savings, income of clergymen, casual earnings, charity, humanitarian aid, support of religious organizations, etc.