Description

EDUCES indicates the person's educational attainment in Spain in terms of the level of schooling completed.

Comparability — General

The education system in Spain changed from a 5-3-3 or 5-3-2-3 to a 6-4-2 structure in 1990.

• Before 1990, primary had 5 grades and lower secondary 3 grades, which were part of the general basic education (EGB, in Spanish). Upper secondary offered a general and a professional track. The general track of upper secondary lasted 3 years, leading to a Baccalaureate diploma and allowing access to university. The professional track had a first level leading to an Auxiliary Technician diploma (2 years) and a second level leading to a Specialist Technician diploma (3 years).
• After 1990, primary has 6 grades, lower secondary 4 grades, and the general track of upper secondary 2 grades. The primary and lower secondary constitute the compulsory secondary education (ESO, in Spanish). The upper secondary professional track offers two levels. The first level requires completing ESO and leads to a Technician diploma, while the second level requires completing upper secondary and leads to a Higher Technician diploma.

The 1991, 2001, and 2011 samples have similar information, but 1981 is notably different from the later years. The 1981 sample gives more detail for primary schooling and less detail for secondary and post-secondary. Furthermore, the 1981 sample notes when a person has not completed their highest level, and these cases are coded to the last level actually completed. After the 2001 census sample, the old system coexists with one where the last stage of EGB was replaced by ESO. Both are recorded under the "middle school" category. The different high school tracks are distinguished in 1991, 2001, and 2011, but are combined in 1981.

The first-level technician degrees are coded to 'basic formation (years 1-2)' and the second-level to 'higher formation (years 3-5)'. The 1991 sample has a separate category for 'other mid-level degrees.' This category is considered to be equivalent to the first-level technician degrees, so it is classified as 'basic formation (years 1-2)' under middle (secondary) education.

Higher education consists of associate (3 years), bachelor (4-6 years), master (1-2 years), and Ph.D. degrees (1-2 years). Persons with graduate educations are combined with other college graduates in 1981, but they are identifiable in later years. The 2011 sample includes additional categories for higher education that reflect reforms for this level after the 2000's.

Universe

Availability

• Spain: 1981, 1991, 2001, 2005Q1, 2005Q2, 2005Q3, 2005Q4, 2006Q1, 2006Q2, 2006Q3, 2006Q4, 2007Q1, 2007Q2, 2007Q3, 2007Q4, 2008Q1, 2008Q2, 2008Q3, 2008Q4, 2009Q1, 2009Q2, 2009Q3, 2009Q4, 2010Q1, 2010Q2, 2010Q3, 2010Q4, 2011, 2011Q1, 2011Q2, 2011Q3, 2011Q4, 2012Q1, 2012Q2, 2012Q3, 2012Q4, 2013Q1, 2013Q2, 2013Q3, 2013Q4, 2014Q1, 2014Q2, 2014Q3, 2014Q4, 2015Q1, 2015Q2, 2015Q3, 2015Q4, 2016Q1, 2016Q2, 2016Q3, 2016Q4, 2017Q1, 2017Q2, 2017Q3, 2017Q4, 2018Q1, 2018Q2, 2018Q3, 2018Q4, 2019Q1, 2019Q2, 2019Q3, 2019Q4, 2020Q1, 2020Q2, 2020Q3, 2020Q4