Codes and Frequencies
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Explore how IPUMS created this variable
Most IPUMS data transformations are performed using variable harmonization tables that specify how each value in the source data is recoded. Some variables also require programming logic in addition to the harmonization table. The harmonization documents for this variable are:
- Harmonization table
- Supplemental programming
- Instructions for interpreting harmonization documents
class Speakind : public Editor {
public:
Speakind(VarPointer varInfo) : Editor(varInfo) {}
void edit() {
long a = getRecoded();
switch (dataSet) {
case dataset_id::mx1990a: {
if (MX1990A_0409() == 0 && MX1990A_0404() < 5)
a = 0;
} break;
case dataset_id::mx2000a: {
if (MX2000A_0425() == 1 && MX2000A_0423() == 1)
a = 2;
} break;
case dataset_id::mx2005a: {
if (MX2005A_0414() == 1 && MX2005A_0416() == 1)
a = 2;
} break;
case dataset_id::ca1971a: {
if (CA1971A_0407() == 9 || CA1971A_0415() == 9)
a = 1;
} break;
case dataset_id::ca1991a: {
if (CA1991A_0445() == 4 || CA1991A_0446() == 4)
a = 1;
} break;
case dataset_id::ca2001a: {
if (CA2001A_0454() == 4 || CA2001A_0455() == 4 || CA2001A_0456() == 4 ||
CA2001A_0457() == 4)
a = 1;
} break;
case dataset_id::bo2001a: {
a = 4;
if (BO2001A_0411() == 1 && (BO2001A_0409() == 1 || BO2001A_0410() == 1 ||
BO2001A_0412() == 1 || BO2001A_0415() == 1))
a = 2;
if (BO2001A_0411() == 2 && (BO2001A_0409() == 1 || BO2001A_0410() == 1 ||
BO2001A_0412() == 1 || BO2001A_0415() == 1))
a = 3;
} break;
case dataset_id::mx2010a: {
if (MX2010A_0431() == 1 && MX2010A_0433() == 1)
a = 2;
if (MX2010A_0431() == 1 && MX2010A_0433() == 8)
a = 1;
} break;
case dataset_id::py2002a: {
if (PY2002A_0433() == 1 || PY2002A_0433() >= 40 && PY2002A_0433() <= 90 ||
PY2002A_0434() == 1 || PY2002A_0434() == 90 || PY2002A_0435() == 90 ||
PY2002A_0436() == 90)
a = 1;
} break;
case dataset_id::gt2002a: {
if (GT2002A_0415() <= 23 || GT2002A_0416() <= 23 || GT2002A_0417() <= 23)
a = 3;
if (a == 3 && (GT2002A_0415() == 25 || GT2002A_0416() == 25 ||
GT2002A_0417() == 25))
a = 2;
if (GT2002A_0415() > 23 && GT2002A_0416() > 23 && GT2002A_0417() > 23)
a = 4;
if (GT2002A_0415() == 0)
a = 0;
} break;
case dataset_id::bo2012a: {
if ((BO2012A_0420() == 6 || BO2012A_0421() == 6 || BO2012A_0422() == 6 ||
BO2012A_0423() == 6 || BO2012A_0424() == 6) &&
((BO2012A_0420() <= 39 && BO2012A_0420() != 6) ||
(BO2012A_0421() <= 39 && BO2012A_0421() != 6) ||
(BO2012A_0422() <= 39 && BO2012A_0422() != 6) ||
(BO2012A_0423() <= 39 && BO2012A_0423() != 6) ||
(BO2012A_0424() <= 39 && BO2012A_0424() != 6)))
a = 2;
if (((BO2012A_0420() <= 39 && BO2012A_0420() != 6) ||
(BO2012A_0421() <= 39 && BO2012A_0421() != 6) ||
(BO2012A_0422() <= 39 && BO2012A_0422() != 6) ||
(BO2012A_0423() <= 39 && BO2012A_0423() != 6) ||
(BO2012A_0424() <= 39 && BO2012A_0424() != 6)) &&
(((BO2012A_0420() <= 39 && BO2012A_0420() != 6) ||
BO2012A_0420() == 98 || BO2012A_0420() == 99) &&
((BO2012A_0421() <= 39 && BO2012A_0421() != 6) ||
BO2012A_0421() == 98 || BO2012A_0421() == 99) &&
((BO2012A_0422() <= 39 && BO2012A_0422() != 6) ||
BO2012A_0422() == 98 || BO2012A_0422() == 99) &&
((BO2012A_0423() <= 39 && BO2012A_0423() != 6) ||
BO2012A_0423() == 98 || BO2012A_0423() == 99) &&
((BO2012A_0424() <= 39 && BO2012A_0424() != 6) ||
BO2012A_0424() == 98 || BO2012A_0424() == 99)))
a = 3;
if ((((BO2012A_0420() > 39 && BO2012A_0420() < 98) ||
BO2012A_0420() == 6) ||
((BO2012A_0421() > 39 && BO2012A_0421() < 98) ||
BO2012A_0421() == 6) ||
((BO2012A_0422() > 39 && BO2012A_0422() < 98) ||
BO2012A_0422() == 6) ||
((BO2012A_0423() > 39 && BO2012A_0423() < 98) ||
BO2012A_0423() == 6) ||
((BO2012A_0424() > 39 && BO2012A_0424() < 98) ||
BO2012A_0424() == 6)) &&
((BO2012A_0420() > 39 || BO2012A_0420() == 6) &&
(BO2012A_0421() > 39 || BO2012A_0421() == 6) &&
(BO2012A_0422() > 39 || BO2012A_0422() == 6) &&
(BO2012A_0423() > 39 || BO2012A_0423() == 6) &&
(BO2012A_0424() > 39 || BO2012A_0424() == 6)))
a = 4;
} break;
}
setData(a);
}
};
Description
SPEAKIND indicates whether a person speaks an indigenous language, and for many Latin American samples whether they also speak Spanish.
Comparability — Index
|
GENERAL Bolivia Canada Colombia |
Costa Rica Ecuador Guatemala Mexico |
Nicaragua Paraguay Venezuela |
Comparability — General
Only samples that explicitly categorize languages as indigenous are included.
There are minor age universe issues across samples, but the biggest universe issue is the limitation of the question in Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Venezuela to indigenous persons or persons residing in indigenous territories.
Most samples indicate the ability to speak an indigenous language. The samples for Canada have a higher threshold for speaking ability: the language must be the mother tongue or spoken in the home.
Some countries have additional language variables that report the specific indigenous language spoken by the person, if any.
Comparability — Bolivia [top]
The data are comparable between 1976, 2001 and 2012. A language question was asked in 1992, but the data are not available in the sample.
Comparability — Canada [top]
The 1971, 1991, and 2001 samples report if the person spoke an indigenous language at home or were taught it as their mother tongue as a child. An affirmative response to either question is coded as "yes."
The 2011 sample identifies persons speaking an indigenous language based only on the language they were taught at home as a child (i.e. their mother tongue.) An affirmative response to this question is coded as "yes."
Comparability — Colombia [top]
Only indigenous persons and some specific groups were asked the question.
Comparability — Costa Rica [top]
The universe changes notably between samples. Only persons living in indigenous territories were asked the language question in 2001. In 2011 the question is address to anyone who self-identified as indigenous.
Comparability — Ecuador [top]
In the 2001 sample, only persons age 1+ were asked the question. In the 2010 sample, all persons were asked the question. Unharmonized source variables are available that specify the indigenous language spoken or indicate if the individual did not speak any language (e.g. in the case of very young children).
Comparability — Guatemala [top]
The underlying data differ across censuses. The 1994 and 2002 samples specify the indigenous language spoken in the unharmonized source variables. The 2002 census provides details on second and third languages spoken.
Comparability — Mexico [top]
There are minor differences in the age universe of respondents across samples. The Mexico samples include additional unharmonized variables that give further details about the specific indigenous language spoken.
Comparability — Nicaragua [top]
Only persons of indigenous origin and belonging to specific indigenous groups were asked the question.
Comparability — Paraguay [top]
The 2002 integrated variable is created using a series of five questions about the respondent's spoken languages (up to 5 languages). If the respondent speaks at least one indigenous language and Spanish, that person is categorized as "Yes, speaks indigenous and Spanish." However, if the respondent spoke an indigenous language and another foreign language (e.g. Portuguese) but does not speak Spanish, that person is categorized as "Yes, speaks indigenous language," the general code.
Comparability — Venezuela [top]
Only indigenous persons were asked the question.
Universe
- Bolivia 1976: All persons
- Bolivia 2001: All persons
- Bolivia 2012: All persons
- Canada 1971: All persons
- Canada 1991: All persons
- Canada 2001: All persons
- Canada 2011: All persons
- Colombia 2005: Indigenous, Rom, Raizal, and Palenquero persons
- Costa Rica 2000: Persons living in an indigenous territory
- Costa Rica 2011: Persons who self-identified as indigenous
- Ecuador 2001: Persons age 1+
- Ecuador 2010: All persons
- Guatemala 1964: Persons age 3+
- Guatemala 1994: Persons age 3+
- Guatemala 2002: Persons age 3+
- Mexico 1970: All persons
- Mexico 1990: Persons age 5+
- Mexico 2000: Persons age 5+
- Mexico 2005: Persons age 5+
- Mexico 2010: Persons age 3+
- Mexico 2015: Persons age 3+
- Mexico 2020: Persons age 3+
- Nicaragua 2005: Persons belonging to specific indigenous groups
- Paraguay 2002: Persons age 5+
- Venezuela 2001: Indigenous persons
Availability
- Bolivia: 1976, 2001, 2012
- Canada: 1971, 1991, 2001, 2011
- Colombia: 2005
- Costa Rica: 2000, 2011
- Ecuador: 2001, 2010
- Guatemala: 1964, 1994, 2002
- Mexico: 1970, 1990, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020
- Nicaragua: 2005
- Paraguay: 2002
- Venezuela: 2001
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