Column 15: What work usually doing during the last 12 months?
[For all persons of age 10 years and above]
[] 1 Agriculture/ own cultivation
[] 2 Salary/ wage
[] 3 Own non-agricultural enterprises
[] 4 Extended economic activity
[] 5 Job seeker
[] 6 Household work
[] 7 Student
[] 8 Not working
The question regarding the work done during the last 12 months period has two sections: economic work done by the individual and the non-economic activity of the individual.
The question "What work are you usually doing during the last 12 months?" is the question regarding the work done during most of the time by the individual in the preceding 12 months or 1 year from the enumeration day.
Work is defined as the activities that may or may not generate income. There may be economic or non-economic activities. The enumerated individual may do the activities from serial code "1" through "7" as mentioned above, or may not do any work (as serial code "8") in the 12 months preceding the census enumeration day. But in this question, the intention is to explore the most frequent activity done by the individual in terms of time spent. The enumerator should encircle or indicate the proper code of the activity that was done for most of the time during the last 12 months.
Example: If the enumerated individual has contributed 3 months of time period in his own agriculture activity, 2 months in salary/wage, 4 months in his own business, 2 months in household work, and during remaining 1 month, s/he did not do any kind of work, then the enumerator should encircle in the code "3" (Own non-agricultural enterprises) on which the time duration devoted is more than other activities.
The activities mentioned in the above from serial number or codes "1" through "8" are divided into 4 sections.
1. Economic works: This category includes own agriculture or farming activities; activities on salary/wage; own non-agricultural business/enterprises. In other words, the above mentioned activities from serial code "1" through "3" are economic works.
2. Extended economic work: This includes the work done by the household member/s in the course of production of the goods or services for the household consumption like firewood collection, fetching drinking water, production at home or elsewhere, or processing of foodstuff. Such activities should be included in the above code "4" as an extended economic works.
3. Seeking economic work: This includes the economic work seeking by the person as mentioned in above code "5".
4. Non-economic work: This category includes the household work, studies, and no economic activities done. In other words, the activities mentioned in code "6", "7" and "8" are included in this category.
For the purpose of census enumeration, the above mentioned activities are further elaborated as following.
1. Own agriculture/farming: The category own agriculture/farming includes all activities related to agriculture. The activities included in the agricultural work are elaborated as following. (Also in the household information of Schedule 1, the details about the agricultural works and farming are mentioned in the questions 3 to 6)
Agricultural Activities:
1. All the activities like digging, plowing, planting, sowing, weeding, caring, cutting or chopping, harvesting, drying, sifting or removing impurities, packing, collecting seeds etc. in the course of production of crops (rice, wheat, maize, millet, barley, etc), cash crops, vegetables, fruits (orange, banana, mango, jackfruit, apple, peer, guava etc.) are known as the agricultural works or farming activities.
2. Similarly, all the activities like raising livestock: cow, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig, rabbit, etc., and raising poultry like chicken, duck and other birds with the purpose of meat or egg production are also included in the agricultural work or farming activities.
3. Activities like making of fish-ponds, breeding of fish and collection, collection of fish feeds, and their protection works are agricultural works.
4. The activities like planting of trees in the wood land and forest, weeding, planting the grass, weeding the grass, and related protection activities are also agricultural work. Similarly, bee-hiving, farming of silkworm are also included in the agricultural work.
But agriculture works do not include the activities carried out in manufacturing industries like food stuff production industries, grinding industry, bamboo related materials or goods production industries, and saw-mill, etc.
Own agriculture or farming means the agricultural works or farming activities that have been operated by the enumerated individuals investing their own capital in cash or kinds, or both, and labor, and who bear the profit or loss from their production.
If the enumerated person has involved most of her/his time during reference period of last 12 months in own agricultural work or farming, then enumerator should mark or encircle the code 1 to indicate "own agriculture or farming". If the enumerated person has also invested most of her/his time in the agricultural activity operated by anyone of the household members, then the enumerator should encircle the code to indicate "own agriculture work or farming" for each person who is involved in agricultural activities.
But if the enumerated person has involved most of her/his time in agricultural activities operated by others in charge of salary or wage or any kind of labor participation, then the enumerator should encircle code "2" to indicate the activity as salary or wage.
2. Salary/Wage Activity: The category includes the person who works for salary/wage most of time during the 12 months of the reference period. The enumerator should encircle code "2" to indicate salary/wage activity.
If the enumerated person has spent most of the time in any kind of activities in the sectors like government or non-government institutions or manufacturing establishments or private home or business during the last 12 months of reference period, then the enumerator should encircle code "2" to indicate salary/wage.
The domestic workers like gothala (shepherd or cowboy or herdsman), hali (ploughman), cook, or kamaiya (bondman) are kept for doing any activity in account of salary/wage, then for this case also the enumerator should encircle code 2.
Example --
Bad Bahadur Magar's family consists of four members (Bed Bahadur, his wife, his daughter and domestic worker Mr. Bhadra Bahadur Pulami). In the last 12 months period, Bed Bahadur had worked in a biscuit factory and his wife Dil Maya had worked in government office. As Bad Bahadur and his wife had worked in industry and government office, they had received salary or wage for working. Hence, enumerator should record these activities by encircling the code 2. But Ratna Maya, daughter of Bed Bahadur did her own farming activities during the last 12 months of period. Hence, the enumerator should encircle code 1 to record Ratna Maya's work. As such the different activities done by Bhadra Bahadur Pulami in charge of salary should be recorded in "salary/wage" activity.
3. Own non-agriculture enterprises or business: Non-agriculture enterprises include all kinds of business or enterprises operated by the household except one's own agriculture or farming activity.
One's own non-agricultural enterprise is defined as any kind of business activities operated by household or member(s) investing capital (in terms of cash or kinds or labor) and bearing the profits or losses of the business.
If the enumerated person has contributed most of her/his time in own any kind of non-agricultural enterprise or business in the reference period, then the enumerator should encircle code "3" to indicate her/his activity.
Also if any of the household members has operated any kind of non-agricultural enterprise and the enumerated person has devoted most of her/his time in that enterprise during the reference period, then her/his activity should be encircled in code "3".
But if enumerated person has worked in a non-agricultural enterprise or business receiving any kind of remuneration like salary, wage, or labor, then the activity of the person should be encircled in code "2". The activity of such person should not be encircled in code "3".
Note:
Activities (except agriculture) like all kinds of manufacturing establishments or industries, foodstuff or non-food stuff production industries, business, transportation, services, hotels, restaurants, lodges etc. are included in non-agriculture enterprises. Some of the examples related to non-agriculture enterprises are illustrated as following:
1. The industry whether small or big, operated with the purpose (lentil nuggets) of supporting income generation of household, like making jam, jelly, pickle, titaura (rolled and dried fruit juices, tamarind ), masyaura (dried preparation of the pulse for curry), bhujiya (snacks), bread, making sweets, samosha pakauda (a particular kind of fried dish made of combination of flour, boiled potato, onion etc. with spices), making curd, durkha or chhurpi (a variety of dried milk) etc. or similar types of food or non-food stuff production related to small- or big-scale industries or businesses are non-agriculture enterprises.
2. Big or small-scale industries or businesses, like making or selling cosmetic goods, for example bracelets, bangles, pote (a kind of glass head necklace that is worn by married woman), red thread, tika, jewels, ornaments and similar kind of cosmetics on big- or small-scale industries or businesses are non-agriculture enterprises.
3. Big or small-scale industries related with the production of goods like agricultural tools e.g. kuto, kodalo (spade with short handle and long handle), or hansiya (a Nepalese curved fodder cutting knife) or plough tool, phali, clay pots, metal pots and utensils, or producing or selling similar types of goods are also non-agriculture enterprises.
4. Producing goods like batti kaatne (handmade thread lamp of cotton that is used for worshipping activities to set alight in Hindu religion); making duna-tapari (leaf bowls and leaf-plates and making similar kind of stuff with purpose of selling in market are also non-agriculture enterprises.
5. The activities like making goods from bamboo, jute, babiyo (a kind of grass for making paper or used for thatching), e.g. doko (big eyed bamboo basket for carrying grass, fodders, fuel wood etc.), dalo (bamboo basket used to keep food grains), nanglo (bamboo winnowing tray), rope and similar kinds of works are non-agriculture enterprises. Similarly crafting on stone, wood and cloth, for example, making idols, painting and handicrafts related small or large scale establishments or businesses are also non-agriculture enterprises.
6. Small or large scale businesses, for example, street mobile shops with the purpose of selling cigarettes, supari (nuts), bidi ( a kind of local handmade cigarette), paper, lwang (a kind of cardamom, clove) chocolate etc., shops with the purpose of selling things like paan (leaf of betal nuts that is eaten with areca nut and lime), fruits, vegetables, meat, wine and spirit, selling vegetables and all kinds of retailer and whole sale businesses or shops are non-agriculture businesses.
7. Activities such as knitting, weaving, sewing and other services like weaving and selling sweater, cap, socks, gloves etc., weaving in contract for others, sewing clothes, hair cutting, operating restaurant and tea/coffee shops, cobbler work like mending shoes and slippers, and such kinds of all small or large scale or service activities are non-agriculture enterprise related works.
8. Activities such as operating rickshaws (a three wheeler bicycle to carry passenger/s), thela (three or four wheeler to carry materials and supplies), cart, ekka-tanga (a horse coach or cart), porter job and similar kinds of jobs operated by household member(s) are non-agriculture works.
9. The activities of mason, carpenters' wood crafting work, and such types of small or large scale services are non-agricultural work.
Examples:
1. Bihari Lal and Tirtha Kumari have operated a construction company bearing profit or loss from it. Ram Kumar Giri has been employed in the company with fixed salary. In such condition, the activities of Bihari Lal and Tirtha Kumari should be encircled in code "3" to indicate their job as their own non-agriculture enterprise while the activity of Ram Kumar Giri should be encircled in code "2" to indicate his job as salary/wage.
2. Hari Lal Lohar has his own AARAN which is an iron furnace to make iron tools and utensils. Hari Lal Lohar and his wife Mrs. Devaki Lohar both work in their furnace. Their son Dhanik Lal Lohar works in a farm. In such condition, the activities of Hira Lal Lohar and Devaki Lohar should be encircled in code "3" to indicate their own non-agriculture enterprise while the activity of Dhanik Lal should be encircled in code 2 to indicate his activity as his own agriculture work.
4. Extended Economic Work: Extended economic work is defined as activities like collecting firewood, fetching drinking water in the household for own consumption. Processing food and grinding grains in dhiki, janto (traditional grinding tools) or in a mill, or kelaune (picking grains) work; making pickle, titaura (rolled and dried fruit juices, tamarind ), masyaura (dried preparation of the pulse for curry), or similar kinds of making food stuff for the consumption of the household. If any member(s) of household has contributed most of her/his time in such activities, then the activity of the person should be encircled in code 4.
Note: In previous censuses, activities such as production of goods or services by household member(s) for household consumption or production works for such goods were not counted as economic work. According to revised System of National Accounts (SNA), 1993, the production of goods by household member(s) for household consumption is enumerated as economic goods. Person(s) involved in producing such goods are also counted as doing economic work. Thus, activities that relate to producing such goods are included in extended economic activity for the purpose of population census.
5. Seeking Economic Work: Seeking job is defined as the activity of looking for or searching job- or work-related activities to generate income. In such conditions, the person seeking job should be actively involved in seeking a job or work and should be available for work.
If the enumerated person has contributed most of her/his time in seeking work or job during the reference period (last 12 months period), then her/his activity should be encircled in code "5". The persons who have sought a job during the reference period may be categorized in the following groups:
i. Person who never worked or, if they worked, then it may not be within the reference period and the person might have sought a job during the reference period
ii. Persons entering into the working age group who may be seeking a job
Although the person is able to do income generating work, she/he may not find work while seeking job during the reference period. The persons who have not actively looked for a job or work and are not available for work should not be mentioned as seeking a job.
6. Household Work: Household chores or work means the activities carried out by a person like cooking, feeding household members; taking care of children, aged persons, and ill member(s) of household; teaching their own children; cleaning the house and its courtyard, and washing related works. When the household member who often undertakes such activities for other household member(s) does so without any remunerations or wages, then such activities are called "household chores". Such activities carried out by the person for own self and family member(s) without any salary or wage is counted as not income generating work with economic perspective.
If any of the enumerated male or female persons has contributed most of his/her time during the reference period in activities like cooking, feeding for household members; taking care of children, aged persons, and ill member(s) of household; teaching own children; cleaning the house and its courtyard, and washing related works, then her/his activity should be encircled in code "6" to indicate household chores. Similarly, if the person was not able to do any income generating work or has worked for short duration due to the reasons of pregnancy or Sutkeri (woman who has just given birth to a baby) or taking care of children, then the activity of such person should be encircled in code "6".
But if any person undertakes these activities like cooking, feeding for household members; taking care of children, aged persons, and ill member(s) of household; teaching their own children; cleaning the house and its courtyard, and washing related works for any remuneration like salary, or wage (cash or kinds), then such activities are income generating works. As mentioned above if an enumerated male or female person has carried out such activities while receiving remuneration during the reference period, then her/his activity should be encircled in code "2" to indicate salary/wage but should not be encircled in code 6.
Some examples to distinguish household chores and economic work:
1. Household works can be done by both males and females. Most of the income generating activities is reported in household chores due to inability to distinguish between income generating and no income generating activities with economic perspective. If any person, most of the time, undertakes activities like his/her own agriculture, farming vegetables in kitchen garden, grazing domestic animals, collecting fodders; selling green vegetables and spinach to market places; or processing food from traditional grinders for household consumption, then such activities are income generating or economic activities. These works are economic works and not household chores.
2. If a person (male or female) has undertaken activities like weaving raadi-pakhi (blanket of wool), weaving carpet, knitting sweater for oneself or for others in contract or selling such materials in the market places, then such activities are income generating activities. These works are also not household chores but are economic work.
3. If the question "What work did you usually do during the last 12 months?" is asked to females of working age group, and if the response would be "household duties or household chores", then enumerator should compulsorily ask supplementary question "what works were undertaken while doing household chores?" for the enumerated person. Some of the probable answers may be as following for supplementary question.
a. Doing farm work, grazing and caring of domestic animals like cows, buffaloes, sheep, goat etc., collecting fodder for domestic animals, preparing and feeding domestic animals, milking cow etc.
b. Weaving clothes like sari dhoti (a woman dress), khasto (shawl) , cap, cholo (woman dress or typical Nepalese bodice) etc., knitting clothes and others, making (big eyed bamboo basket for carrying grass, fodders, fuel wood etc.), dalo ( bamboo basket used to keep food grains), nanglo (bamboo winnowing tray), damlo (big and thick rope to den cow-buffalo), making ropes, bread, jam-jelly etc. may be reported as household chores. These activities are economic or income generating work but not household chores.
c. Activities such as batti kaatne (handmade lamp thread of cotton that is used worshipping activities to set alight in Hindu religion); making duna-tapari , that is knitting leaf plates (leaf bowls and plates from Sal trees), washing clothes, smearing or clay plastering, caring of pregnant or sutkeri (lactating mothers) or ill person, etc. are done for others receiving certain remuneration in terms of cash or kinds or if such work was done for others instead of free house rent, then such activities should be considered as equivalent to economic or income generating activities.
d. If a person has undertaken household works for others, such as grinding grains or cleaning house and courtyards and receiving remuneration or wage, then such activities are also counted as economic or income generating activities.
The enumerated person (male or female) might have undertaken activities most of time during reference period that seem to be household chores. If such different activities have been carried out by the enumerated person, then the activity should be encircled in codes "1", "2", "3", or "4" appropriately as per responses. In the reference period, if the person (male or female) has devoted most of the time in income generating or economic works, then their activities should not be reported as household chores.
Note:
In code "2" of column 20 of census Schedule 2, a household chore is mentioned to indicate the reason for not doing economic work most of the time. In the column, enumerator should mention the reasons for not doing economic work or doing economic work for fewer periods. If the enumerated person has carried out most of the time such activities like cooking for his/her own household members, taking care of aged member(s) or ill member(s), teaching his/her own children or assisting own children in study, cleaning own court yards, washing clothes etc..., then the activity of the person should be encircled in code "2" of column 20 as household chores to indicate reasons for not doing economic or income generating activities during the reference period of time.
But if enumerated person was not able to do economic or income generating work or worked for only fewer periods due to pregnancy or sutkeri (woman who has just given birth to a baby), then the reason should be encircled in code "7" of column 20 and mention the appropriate reason of not doing economic work in census reference period.
7. Study (student): Study (student) means the student (boy or girl) who has enrolled or not in school, college, university or other any academic institutes for achieving education or any kind of training during the reference period.
If the enumerated person has devoted most of her/his time in studying or training, then her/his activity should be encircled in code "7" of column 15. In other words, if enumerated persons have contributed most of time in study or training by enrolling on not enrolling in academic institutes like school, college, or academic institutions, then their activity should be encircled in code "7" to indicate the work to which they have dedicated the most time.
Although the person has enrolled in academic institutes for study or trainings and has not contributed most of time in study or training but most of time if the person has involved in other activities, whether it be economic or not economic, then the activity of person should be encircled in appropriate code as per the kind of his activity. In such condition, the activity of the person should not be encircled in code "7".
8. No work done: If a person has not undertaken any economic or income related activities (activities mentioned in codes "1", "2", "3", or "4"), or not even sought any job or not doing non-economic work (activities mentioned in code 6 and "7"), then the person's activity status is "no work done".
In the above questions, if a person has carried out one of work from code "1" to "7", then s/he should be asked as what work s/he did most of the time during reference period. If activity of a person is encircled in code "8", then it is understood that the persons has not undertaken any works referring to code "1" to "7" during reference period of time. Or if any person has not undertaken works from code "1" to "7" then the activity status of the person should be encircled in code 8 to indicate any work not done.
Persons might not have worked due to different reasons like being aged, or ill or sick; being physically or mentally handicapped, being pregnant etc.
Example-
1. Divya Kumari Moktan has five family members with her husband Thirman Moktan, two daughters namely Sarita Kumari Moktan and Kesari Kumari Moktan, and one son Rabi Man Moktan. In the last 12 months of period, Mrs. Divya Kumari Moktan served in a non-governmental organization getting salary/wage for about 8 months including doing jobs like cooking, washing clothes, cleaning house yards etc. She did poultry farming for about 3 months and she could not do any activity due to being sick for one month. Thir Man Moktan did retail shopping work for 5 months, undertook teaching job for 4 months in local school, and assisted her wife in poultry farming for 3 months. The elder daughter was a full time teacher in local school during past 12 months' period. The younger daughter is studying in class 7. Son Rabi Man undertook his own farming activities for 3 months, assisted in poultry farming for 2 months and took training of rural employment program and looked for job for 5 months but could not get any job. While reporting the mostly carried out activities of household members during the last 12 months period, the activity of Divya Kumari should be encircled in code "2", the activity of Thir Man in code "3", the activity of Sarita Moktan in code "2", the activity of Kesari Moktan in code "7", and the activity of Rabi Man Moktan in code "5" of column 15.
As after encircling the appropriate code of activity in column 15, enumerator should mention the time duration for each of the activity as coded in column 16.