Codes and Frequencies
An 'X' indicates the category is available for that sample
| Code | Label |
laos
1995
|
laos
2005
|
laos
2015
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 000 | NIU (not in universe) | X | X | X |
| 100 | None | X | X | X |
| 200 | Primary education | · | · | · |
| 201 | Grade 1 | X | X | X |
| 202 | Grade 2 | X | X | X |
| 203 | Grade 3 | X | X | X |
| 204 | Grade 4 | X | X | X |
| 205 | Grade 5 | X | X | X |
| 206 | Grade 6 | X | X | X |
| 300 | Secondary | · | · | · |
| 310 | Lower secondary | · | · | · |
| 311 | Grade 1 | X | X | X |
| 312 | Grade 2 | X | X | X |
| 313 | Grade 3 | X | X | X |
| 314 | Grade 4 | X | · | X |
| 330 | Upper secondary | · | · | · |
| 331 | Grade 1 | X | X | X |
| 332 | Grade 2 | X | X | X |
| 333 | Grade 3 | X | X | X |
| 400 | Vocational | · | · | · |
| 410 | First level | X | X | X |
| 420 | Middle level | X | X | X |
| 500 | Tertiary | · | · | · |
| 510 | High level or university | X | X | · |
| 511 | Vocational high level | · | · | X |
| Code | Label |
laos
1995
|
laos
2005
|
laos
2015
|
| 512 | University | · | · | X |
| 520 | Post-graduate | X | X | · |
| 521 | Post-graduate, masters | · | · | X |
| 522 | Higher than post-graduate | · | · | X |
| 900 | Others | X | · | · |
| 999 | Unknown | X | X | X |
Can't find the category you are looking for? Try the Detailed codes
Explore how IPUMS created this variable
Most IPUMS data transformations are performed using variable harmonization tables that specify how each value in the source data is recoded. Some variables also require programming logic in addition to the harmonization table. The harmonization documents for this variable are:
- Harmonization table
- Supplemental programming
- Instructions for interpreting harmonization documents
class Educla : public Editor {
public:
Educla(VarPointer varInfo) : Editor(varInfo) {}
void edit() {
long a = getRecoded();
switch (dataSet) {
case dataset_id::la2005a: {
if (LA2005A_0414() == 99 && LA2005A_0413() == 1)
a = 100;
if (LA2005A_0415() == 1)
a = 410;
if (LA2005A_0415() == 2)
a = 420;
if (LA2005A_0414() == 33 && LA2005A_0415() == 3)
a = 510;
if (LA2005A_0414() == 33 && LA2005A_0415() == 4)
a = 520;
} break;
}
setData(a);
}
};
Description
EDUCLA indicates the person's educational attainment in Laos in terms of the level of schooling completed.
Comparability — General
The education system in Laos changed across samples:
- Before 1975, the structure was 6-4-3, including 6 years of primary, 4 years of lower secondary, and 3 years of upper secondary.
- The education system then changed to a 5-3-3 structure, consisting of 5 years of primary, 3 years of lower secondary, and 3 years of upper secondary.
- After 2009, Laos had a 5-4-3 system, with 5 years of primary, 4 years of lower secondary, and 3 years of upper secondary.
The 1995-2015 samples provide information about the level and grade completed up to upper secondary.
Technical vocational education and training (TVET) is offered parallel to secondary tracks or as post-secondary education. Thus, graduates from primary, lower secondary, or upper secondary can access vocational programs. Higher education consists of associate (3 years), bachelor (5 to 7 years), masters (1 to 2 years), and Ph.D. degrees (at least 3 years).
The 2005 sample provides separately information on the level of vocational or higher education attained. Persons declaring high level, university, or post-graduate were classified into tertiary, if they also reported upper secondary complete; while those with the first or middle level are considered to have completed vocational training.
Universe
- Laos 1995: Persons age 6+
- Laos 2005: Persons age 6+
- Laos 2015: Persons age 6+
Availability
- Laos: 1995, 2005, 2015
Questionnaire Text
| Laos 1995 |
| Laos 2005 |
| Laos 2015 |
[Questions 11-13 were asked of persons aged 6 years and above]
13. What is [the respondent's] highest level of education completed?
[] 00 None
[] 11 Primary 1
[] 12 Primary 2
[] 13 Primary 3
[] 14 Primary 4
[] 15 Primary 5
[] 16 Primary 6
[] 21 Low Sec 1
[] 22 Low Sec 2
[] 23 Low Sec 3
[] 24 Low Sec 4
[] 31 Upper Sec 1
[] 32 Upper Sec 2
[] 33 Upper Sec 3
Vocational education
[] 41 First level
[] 42 Middle level
[] 43 High level/university
[] 44 Post graduate level
[] 45 Others
Section C deals with education questions. These questions shall be asked to all who is 6 years and above. For small children, less than 6 years, section C, D and E should be marked "N/A".
Question 13: What is [the respondent's] highest level of education completed?
The purpose of this question is to establish the respondent's highest level of education completed. Make sure that all respondents understand that the question refers to completed education.
Enter code from code list. A list of the codes for highest level of education completed is shown in Appendix 3. The list of codes is also shown at the back of each questionnaire. For not known use code "99".
Check with question 4 for consistency, particularly for children. Probe, if discrepancies between the answers are found.
[Questions 11-14 were asked of persons 6 years and older]
13. What is [the respondent]'s highest level of education?
[] 1 No education
[] 11 Grade 1
[] 12 Grade 2
[] 13 Grade 3
[] 14 Grade 4
[] 15 Grade 5
[] 16 Grade 6
[] 21 Lower secondary 1
[] 22 Lower secondary 2
[] 23 Lower secondary 3
[] 31 Upper secondary 1
[] 32 Upper secondary 2
[] 33 Upper secondary 3
[] 99 Don't know
Section C deals with education questions. These questions shall be asked to all who is 6 years and above. For small children, less than 6 years of age, tick alternative "6" for question 11, and leave questions 12 -- 19 blank.
Question 13: What is [the respondent]'s highest level of education completed?
The purpose of this question is to establish the respondent's highest level of education completed. Make sure that all respondents understand that the question refers to completed education.
[pg. 22]
Enter code from code list. A list of the codes for highest level of education completed is shown in Appendix 3. The list of codes is also shown at the back of each questionnaire. For not known use code "99".
Check with question 4 for consistency, particularly for children. Probe, if discrepancies between the answers are found.
[Questions 11-14 were asked of persons 6 years and older]
14. What is [the respondent]'s highest level of vocational education?
[] 1 First level
[] 2 Middle level
[] 3 High / university
[] 4 Post graduate level
[] 5 Other
[] 9 Don't know
Section C deals with education questions. These questions shall be asked to all who is 6 years and above. For small children, less than 6 years of age, tick alternative "6" for question 11, and leave questions 12 -- 19 blank.
Question 14: What is [the respondent]'s highest level of vocational education completed?
The purpose of this question is to establish the respondent's highest level of education completed. Make sure that all respondents understand that the question refers to completed education.
Enter code from code list. A list of the codes for highest level of education completed is shown in Appendix 3. The list of codes is also shown at the back of each questionnaire. For not known use code "99".
Check with question 4 for consistency, particularly for children. Probe, if discrepancies between the answers are found.
[Questions Q18-Q21 are asked of persons age 6 and above only]
Q20. What is your highest level of education achieved? _ _
Cost list:
[] 11. Grade 1
[] 12. Grade 2
[] 13. Grade 3
[] 14. Grade 4
[] 15. Grade 5
[] 16. Grade 6
[] 21. Lower secondary 1
[] 22. Lower secondary 2
[] 23. Lower secondary 3
[] 24. Lower secondary 4
[] 32. Upper secondary 1
[] 33. Upper secondary 2
[] 34. Upper secondary 3
[] 41. Vocation education first level
[] 42. Vocation education middle level
[] 43. Vocation education high level
[] 44. Graduate - degree holder
[] 45. Post graduate - master's degree
[] 46. Higher than post graduate
[] 99. Don't know
Section "C" is an educational question that must be asked to everyone who is 6 years old and above. Children under the age of 6 are not required to answer the questions in section "C", the interviewee can stop interviewing that child and continue with other household members.
Question Q20: What is the highest level of education you have completed?
The purpose of this question is to find out about the highest level of education of the household members.
The highest level of education means the highest level of education that the household members have completed according to the official education system. For the answer code, see the back of the questionnaire
[A figure is omitted here]
Example: Mr. A is studying in the 4th grade, he recently finished the 3rd grade, which means his highest education is the 3rd grade (answer code is 13).
Note:
2) A person who completed grade 6 in primary school or completed primary school before 1975 is registered as grade 5 in primary school.
3) A person who graduated from abroad is comparable to one who graduated in the Lao PDR.
4) A person who has completed public education Bor 1, Bor 2, Bor 3, the educational level shall be recorded as Bor 1 = grade 3, Bor 2 = grade 4, Bor 3 = grade 5.
[p.31]
Comparing the level or qualifications of monks with general education is to be done as follows:
2) Completion of primary education and secondary education is equivalent to secondary education (general education).
3) High school diplomas and high school of a monk are equivalent to high school education (general education).
4) The bachelor's degree of monks is equal to the bachelor's degree of ordinary people (general education).
5) The Master's degree of monks is equal to the Master's degree of ordinary people (general education).
6) The doctorate of monks is equal to the doctorate of ordinary people (general education).