Comparability — Brazil [top]

Residence status is available for the 1960 and 1970 Brazilian censuses. In both years, present residents, absent residents, and non-residents can be distinguished. Microdata samples from later census years contain only the de jure population.

Comparability — Burkina Faso [top]

Residence status is available for all samples and enumerates present residents, absent residents and visitors in all years. The 1985 and 1996 samples also include information about whether the absent residents are in Burkina Faso or are abroad.

Comparability — Cambodia [top]

The 2013 sample distinguishes between residents who are present, absent residents, and visitors. The 2019 sample collected information about absent residents, but only the de facto population (present residents and visitors) is included in the sample.

Comparability — Cameroon [top]

Residence status is available in all samples (1976, 1987, and 2005). The variable identifies present residents, absent residents, and visitors.

Comparability — Côte d'Ivoire [top]

Residence status is available in both the 1988 and 1998 samples. The variable identifies present residents, absent residents, and visitors.

Comparability — Dominican Republic [top]

Residence status is available in 1981. The variable identifies present residents, absent residents, and visitors (non-residents). Earlier census samples from 1960 and 1970 include only de facto population. Later census samples from 2002 and 2010 include only the de jure population.

Comparability — Ethiopia [top]

Resident status is reported for all three Ethiopian censuses (1984, 1994, 2007). The variable is comparable over time, identifying present residents, absent residents, and visitors.

Comparability — Guinea [top]

Residence status is available in Guinea for the 1983-2014 samples. The 1983-1996 samples separately identified residents present on census night, absent residents, and visitors, while the 2014 sample only distinguishes between present and absent residents. The 1983 sample includes a small number of persons with unknown resident status.

Comparability — Iraq [top]

The 1997 Iraq sample contains detailed resident status data. The unharmonized source variable contains additional detail on whether absent residents are in Iraq, abroad, in prison, or lost.

Comparability — Ireland [top]

The 1971-1996 Ireland censuses enumerated only de facto residents. In 2002, 2006, 2011, and 2016, a limited number of questions were also asked of household residents who were absent on census night. For comparability with earlier samples, researchers should use case selection to include only the de facto population.

The 2002 and 2006 censuses include individuals who were absent on census night, but are also identified as non-residents; only questionnaire items asked of absent residents are reported for these persons, but they have no reported place of usual residence. We have classified these persons as having unknown resident status.

Comparability — Jamaica [top]

The 1982 and 1991 Jamaica censuses used both de facto and de jure enumeration methods. Residents who were present on census night, absent residents, and visitors are separately identified in both samples. The 1982 sample includes a small number of persons with unknown resident status. Only usual residents were enumerated in 2001.

Comparability — Malawi [top]

The 2008 Malawi census used both de facto and de jure enumeration methods. Residents who were present on census night, absent residents, and visitors are separately identified. Earlier censuses enumerated only persons present on census night.

Comparability — Mali [top]

Resident status is available in both the 1987 and 1998 Mali census samples. Both samples distinguish between residents who are present, residents who are absent, and visitors on census night. The 1987 unharmonized variable also indicates whether absent residents are abroad or in Mali.

Comparability — Mauritius [top]

Residence status is available for the 1990, 2000, and 2011 samples, and the data are fully comparable across samples. The primary distinction made by the samples is between persons present on the night of the census and those who were elsewhere, in Mauritius or abroad. Persons who usually reside at the address but were out working at the time of the census were classified along with present persons as part of the de facto population.

Comparability — Mongolia [top]

The 1989, 2000, 2010, and 2020 Mongolian censuses enumerated all residents as well as visitors who reside in a different administrative unit (soum or district of the capital). Residence status in each year identifies present residents, absent residents, and non-residents.

Comparability — Mozambique [top]

Resident status is reported for the 1997, 2007, and 2017 censuses of Mozambique. The variable is comparable over time, identifying present (permanent) residents, absent residents, and visitors.

Comparability — Pakistan [top]

The 1981 and 1998 Pakistan census enumerated both the de facto and de jure population, while the 1973 census enumerated only the de jure population. In 1981, residents and visitors cannot be separately identified. Residence status is available in the 1998 census and distinguishes between present residents, absent residents, and visitors.

Comparability — Rwanda [top]

Both the 1991 and 2002 censuses in Rwanda enumerated de facto and de jure residents. Residents who were present on census night can be distinguished from absent residents and visitors in both census years. The 2002 unharmonized variable included additional detail identifying absent household heads who were in an institution at the time of the census.

Comparability — Senegal [top]

Resident status is reported for the 1988, 2002, and 2013 Senegalese censuses. The variable is comparable over time, identifying present residents, absent residents, and visitors.

Comparability — South Africa [top]

The 2007 South African census used both de facto and de jure enumeration methods. Residents who were present on census night, absent residents, and visitors are separately identified. Earlier censuses, 1996 and 2001, enumerated only persons present on census night. Unharmonized variables for these de facto censuses separately identify residents from visitors.

The 2011 and 2016 samples include a question about whether the respondent is enumerated in their usual residence, but do not sufficiently distinguish between present residents, absent residents, and non-residents. These samples are not included in this harmonized variable.

Comparability — Spain [top]

The 1981 Spanish census enumerated household residents as well as temporary residents and visitors from other municipalities. Only residents absent from the enumeration municipality were identified as absent. Residence status is available for the 1981 census and separately identifies present, absent, and temporary residents. In addition, all non-residents receive a person weight equal to zero. The 1991 and 2001 microdata samples contain only the resident population.

Comparability — Uganda [top]

In 2002, the Ugandan census enumerated all persons present during the enumeration period as well as any absent head. The resident status variable separately identifies persons who are part of the de facto population (present during census night) and those who are not (household residents who were absent on census night). Using case selection, the 2002 sample can be made comparable to the 1991 census which enumerated only the de facto population.

The 2014 sample distinguishes between usual household members, regular household members, and visitors or guests. In RESIDENT, usual household members are interpreted as present residents, while regular household members are interpreted as absent household members.

Comparability — United Kingdom [top]

The 1991 census of the United Kingdom enumerated residents and visitors, while the 2001 census enumerated only the de jure population. Resident status in 1991 distinguishes between present residents, absent residents, and visitors.

The 1961 census data includes both residents and visitors, but no information is provided to identify the status of persons in the sample. The 1971 sample distinguishes between the de facto population and absent residents.