Comparability — Benin [top]

The 2013 census asked whether the household owns a radio that is in functional condition.

Comparability — Bolivia [top]

The 2001 census question asked about a radio or stereo equipment; therefore not all "yes" responses in the 2001 sample necessarily had a radio. In 2012, the question asks about radios, but it does not refer to stereo or similar equipment.

Comparability — Botswana [top]

Samples in 2001 and 2011 ask about radios in good working condition.

Comparability — Brazil [top]

The Brazilian censuses explicitly include battery-powered radios. In the 2000 sample, only equipment in usable condition was to be considered.

Comparability — Burkina Faso [top]

The variable records only radios in working condition.

Comparability — Cambodia [top]

The exact number of radios is preserved in the unharmonized variable. In 2008, 2013 and 2019, the census question refers to radios and transistors.

Comparability — Chile [top]

The 1960 sample is a sample of individuals, not households. Only heads of households have most household-level information.

Comparability — Colombia [top]

The 2005 census question asks about a sound equipment or a stereo.

Comparability — Costa Rica [top]

The 1963 sample explicitly included battery-powered radios. In 2011, the questionnaire asked about "radio or sound equipment."

Comparability — Dominican Republic [top]

In 1981 there are two source variables concerning radios in the household. One variable records whether the household has an electric or non-electric radio. The other variables record the number of radios in the household. Household with an electric or non-electric television are included in the "yes" category in the integrated RADIO variable. See the 1981 source variables for more detail.

For the 2002 sample, "yes" indicates that the household owns a radio or music equipment. For the 2010 sample, "yes" indicates that the household owns a radio or stereo. The source variables do not indicate the number of radios, music equipment units, or stereos in the household.

There are slight differences in the universe across samples.

Comparability — Egypt [top]

The exact number of radios is preserved in the unharmonized variable; radios are counted when they are being used or set for future use.

Comparability — El Salvador [top]

The question asks if there is a radio in the household, but is not explicit about access versus ownership.

Comparability — Ethiopia [top]

In 1984, information was collected for urban households only. In 1994, the question was asked separately for urban and rural areas, but asked of both places. In 2007, the question was asked of long form respondents and states explicitly that the radio must be in working condition.

Comparability — Fiji [top]

In 2007 and 2014, the source variable records the number of radios or stereos owned by household. The data are included in this variable on the assumption that "stereos" typically include radio receivers, but the data will be an overestimate.

Comparability — Haiti [top]

The source variable specifies the total number of radios in the dwelling.

Comparability — Honduras [top]

In 2001, the census question includes the radio even if it is found in poor working condition awaiting repair. The 1961 and 1988 samples do not clarify whether it needs to be in working condition or not.

The census question in 1961 and 1988 refers only to radios, while 2001 also considers radio or tape recorders and stereos.

The 1961 sample only has information for households consisting of a head.

Comparability — Indonesia [top]

The 1976, 1980, 1985, 1990, and 1995 samples all explicitly ask about possession of a radio, not ownership. The 1990 and 1995 samples include radios that were out of order but could be repaired.

The 2005 question differs significantly from other samples. The question is explicitly concerned with ownership and includes devices that were out of the house or not functioning at the time of enumeration. Furthermore, the question combines ownership of radio, tape or CD players.

Comparability — Jordan [top]

The question asked about a radio or tape recorder; therefore not all "Yes" responses had a radio.

Comparability — Kenya [top]

The variable records if the household owns a radio.

Comparability — Laos [top]

In 2015, the census question required that the radio had to be in working order.

Comparability — Lesotho [top]

The census question in 1996 and 2006 specifies that the radio had to be in working condition.

Comparability — Liberia [top]

The 2008 source variable records radios in working condition.

Comparability — Malawi [top]

The 1987 and 1998 samples represent a radio in the first dwelling of the household only. Radios not in working condition are excluded.

Comparability — Malaysia [top]

The 1970 and 1980 samples asked if the household had a radio. The 1991 and 2000 samples asked if there was a radio "available for use" by any member of the household.

Comparability — Mexico [top]

The 1960 sample includes individuals, not households. Only heads of households have most household-level information.

The 1970 sample explicitly included battery-powered radios. The 2000 sample included radio or radio recorder. The 2015 and 2020 samples included radio, radio-recording, radio-alarm clock, and modular radio device, as well as devices that have this function, such as cell phones and music players, when this use is indicated by the respondent.

In 2000, 2015, and 2020, enumerators were instructed to include broken or inoperable radios, provided that the household intended to repair the unit. In 2000, 2010, 2015, and 2020, they were instructed not to include the units borrowed from employers.

Comparability — Mozambique [top]

The samples are comparable except that a number of households have unknown or missing responses in 1997.

Comparability — Nepal [top]

In 2001 and 2011, the variable includes all types of radios and transistors, whether electric or battery operated. The 2011 census question specified that the radio should be in working condition or it can be easily repaired.

Comparability — Nicaragua [top]

Both samples report ownership of a radio.

Comparability — Palestine [top]

The variable includes radios or "Recorders".

Comparability — Panama [top]

The variable records whether the household own a radio or not.

Comparability — Paraguay [top]

The variable is available and comparable in samples from 1972, 1982, 1992.

Comparability — Philippines [top]

Radios in the census question were to include transistor, radiophone, stereo or karaoke. Units out of working conditions for six months or longer were to be excluded.

Comparability — Puerto Rico [top]

In 1970, the form instructs enumerators to include car radios.

Comparability — Rwanda [top]

The 2012 census question requires the radio to be in functioning condition; this is not specified in 1991 or 2002.

Comparability — Saint Lucia [top]

The variable records the number of radios owned or rented by members of the household.

Comparability — Senegal [top]

In the 1988 sample, the source variable records the number of radios existing in the household, and only includes radios that are in working condition. In 2002 and 2013, the source variable records whether or not the household owns a radio, and includes radios regardless of whether they were working or temporarily not working.

In 1988 and 2002, the question was asked of all households. In 2013, the question was asked only of ordinary households.

Comparability — Sierra Leone [top]

In 2004, only radios in working condition were to be considered.

Comparability — South Africa [top]

In the South Africa 2001-2016, only radios in working condition were to be counted.

The 2001 and 2007 samples ask whether the household had access to a radio. In 2011 and 2016, the census question indicates more specifically whether the household owned a radio.

Comparability — South Sudan [top]

The variable includes radios or transistors.

Comparability — Sudan [top]

The variable includes radios or transistors.

Comparability — Suriname [top]

The 2012 census asks whether a radio or stereo set is at the household's disposal and in working condition.

Comparability — Tanzania [top]

The variable records whether or not the household owned a radio. In 2002, radios in reparation were not included. In both samples 2002 and 2012, only radios in working condition considered.

Comparability — Thailand [top]

In the 1970 and 1980 samples, the enumeration instructions specify that only items in good condition, or in the process of repair, and owned for personal use by household members should be recorded. Enumerators were instructed not to include appliances used exclusively for business purposes.

In the 1990 and 2000 samples, only radios owned by the household were recorded. The exact number is preserved in the unharmonized source variables for these years.

Comparability — Trinidad and Tobago [top]

The census question includes stereos or radiograms in 1990, stereos or radios with CD players in 2000, and radios or stereos in 2011.

Comparability — Uganda [top]

In the 2002 sample, the source variable records whether or not the household owned a radio. The 2002 census is explicit about ownership versus access: households that had access to a radio but did not own it were recorded as not owning a radio. In 2014, the source variable refers to the number of radios owned by household members.

Comparability — United States [top]

Inoperable units, ham radio sets, and car radios were to be excluded.

Comparability — Vietnam [top]

The 2009 and 2019 samples identify whether the household is using a radio, regardless of ownership.

Comparability — Zambia [top]

The 1990 source variable indicates the number of radios in the household. The variable is top-coded at 4 televisions. The 2000 and 2010 source variables do not indicate the number of radios in the household. The 2010 question specifies that the radio must be functional.