National Statistical Office
P.O. Box 333
Zomba
Malawi

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[The preface is omitted here]

[The table of contents on pages 3-4 are omitted]

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Chapter 1. General information

1.1 Introduction
The National Statistical Office (NSO) is a government department mandated by 2013 Statistical Act to collect, compile, analyze and disseminate statistical data in Malawi. NSO conducts a Population and Housing Census every 10 years; the last census was conducted in 2008. The 2018 Population and Housing Census will be conducted in September 2018.

A population census is the total process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analyzing, publishing and disseminating demographic, economic, and social data and information pertaining to all persons in a country at a specific time.

A housing census is the process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analyzing, publishing and disseminating statistical data pertaining to living quarters in a country at a specific time. It also covers data on the occupants of the quarters.

Hence a Population and Housing Census is a complete count or enumeration of ALL people, ALL the housing units and ALL other structures in a country. The enumeration of the population covers the young and the old, Malawian and foreigner, resident and visitor, and collects information on socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the people. The housing component of the census collects information on stock, condition and usage of the structures.

1.2 Purpose of 2018 census
You may wonder why the Malawi Government, like any other government, finds it necessary to spend so much effort and money just to take a census every ten years or so. Census is the primary source of data for policy formulation and development planning of any country. The data provides the country an important part of the foundation for good governance, decentralization and development. The data collected is crucial for national, sub-national and sectoral policies and plans, for development frameworks, such as Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and other sectoral strategies. Amongst the many reasons the 2018 Census data will:

The Malawi Government takes a census so that it knows how many people there are and where they are, so that the government can administer programmes and establish policies for the welfare of the country and the people.

Since independence in 1964, the Republic of Malawi has conducted five population censuses: 1966, 1977, 1987, 1998 and the last one in 2008. These censuses provided information on the size, composition and distribution of the population. However, the further we move from 2008

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the more outdated the census figures become and the more we need to have a fresh census in order to get accurate and up-to-date figures.

1.3 Design of the questionnaire
The NSO has decided to use the Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) data collection method for the Malawi 2018 Population and Housing Census. The Census and Survey Processing System (CSPro supports data collection on android devices (phones and tablets). Under this technology, skips patterns in a questionnaire are automatically incorporated which in turn reduces time for administering a questionnaire and minimises errors through consistent questionnaire checks. This technology also reduces respondent burden and allows us to do many things that are not in a paper and pencil environment.

1.4 Use of census data

1 The 2018 Census will be the primary source of up-to-date information about the number and characteristics of the population. Its strengths and distinctiveness will arise from its completeness of the coverage and the details it provides about individuals in local areas. Furthermore, no other data sources will allow for such a comprehensive gender analysis of population-based indicators.

2 The Census will provide a foundation for planning, the means for good governance and the consolidation of democracy. It will provide information on the overall population size and the population of voting age. Accurate census data is needed for the efficient and equitable demarcation of electoral constituencies and adjustment of administrative boundaries for local government. In addition, reliable census data can assist with the rational allocation of revenues amongst the regions.

3 Population-based data and indicators are crucial for national and local policies, plans and development frameworks. Data gaps are inevitable without a recent census, as surveys would then be using outdated sampling frames with the likelihood that they will produce seriously biased estimates. National and sector planning and related decision-making, as well as resource allocation and administrative boundaries, would be based on outdated and unreliable statistics. A lack of basic population data can lead to serious policy and resource allocation distortions.

4 University academics and students constitute a special group that will benefit greatly from the 2018 Census, from which they would be expected to publish academic and policy papers, and prepare dissertations and thesis.

5 Government, NGOs and institutions will find the census data useful for their specific mandates. For example, health, education, housing and vulnerability issues will receive more professional treatment by institutions, and outcomes of such research and analysis will inform policy and programmes requiring data updates.

6 Local authorities and decentralized structures will have special interests and particular benefits from the census. No other data source can provide information on small areas and communities and municipalities. Moreover, the census will provide the evidence-base to guide identification of needs, and social and infrastructure investments to address those needs.

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7 Apart from the public sector, the private sector requires census data to meet their customers and client needs. They should also know the size, gender dimensions (sex ratio), age distribution, education and health and other population attributes of the country's labour force. And, for example, census information will greatly assist with the private sector's market assessment.

1.5 Roles and responsibilities of interviewer
A well-planned, properly executed census is the most accurate way of determining the population of any locality. The Interviewer's role is of critical importance. Interviewers must be able to quickly and thoroughly count the people and housing units within a designated area. Mistakes can be costly.

For example, if a district of 55,000 population conducted a 21-day census with 16 Interviewers, and if each Interviewer missed five people in his area per day, a total of 1,680 people would be missed in the census.

Thus, it is extremely important that you read this manual and follow the instructions carefully; you must also be available and be attentive during training session. Doing so, you will have little trouble in performing your duties. Without intelligent, conscientious, and well-trained Interviewers, a population census is not likely to be complete or accurate. Whenever questions arise, consult the manual. If the solution is still not clear, contact your supervisor.

A census Interviewer is responsible for recording the residents and housing units in a specific geographic area. As an Interviewer you are expected to:

You should be conscious in handling the tablet knowing that it can easily be damaged or stolen. It should therefore be kept safe and in good condition at all times.

Note: If your work or conduct is judged unsuitable and does not meet the standards set forth in this manual, you may be subject to dismissal.

1.6 Enumeration
The enumeration of the population, households, and dwellings in all districts of the Republic of Malawi will be conducted in 2018.

The enumeration will include persons with a place of usual residence in the Republic of Malawi who, at the time of the Census, are absent due to the military service, being in pre-trial confinement, or serving a sentence on prison or reformatory.

1.6.1 Language
The enumeration will be in the following languages; English, Chichewa, Tumbuka, and Yao. If the person being enumerated does not speak the languages which you speak, then inform the respondent that another Interviewer who knows the language will come and enumerate him/her.

1.6.2 Place of enumeration

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1.6.3 Household be enumerated

1.6.3.1 Households
All households in the census exercise have to be enumerated. You are therefore advised to interview or to canvass all households in your EA.

Reminder! Once you have finished your count go through your area, to check if all the households have been enumerated. In urban areas, check for extra structures, for example servant's quarters.

1.6.3.2 Dwellings
The Census will cover all dwellings in the country, intended for habitation, regardless of whether they are used for a permanent or temporary living (for vacation and recreation, seasonal activities) or vacant dwellings.

The Census will also cover other inhabited premises or buildings that are not intended for habitation but at the time of the Census are used for living. It will also cover inhabited business premises, improvised living quarters, or collective living quarters.

1.6.3.3 Dwellings not covered in the Census

1.6.4 Persons who must be counted (individuals)

1.6.4.1 The census will cover:

1.6.4.2 The census will not cover:

1.6.5 Persons who should respond to questions
The Interviewer should obtain the answers to the questions in the census from the head of the household. In case of absence of a head of household, a knowledgeable adult member of the household who is familiar with the information of the household should respond to the questions. It is recommended that information on fertility should be provided by each eligible individual being enumerated.

The enumeration of foreigners with acknowledged status of refugee or with temporary humanitarian protection, who at the time of the Census happen to be in the Republic of Malawi, will be carried out based on physical presence of the person being enumerated and the available documentation (in addition to those related to his/her approved status).

The data about the household members is provided by the head of the household. In his/her absence, a knowledgeable member of the household provides the data he/she is most familiar with.

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The data about the dwelling is given by the head of the household who occupied the dwelling at the time of the Census. In his/her absence, a knowledgeable member of the household gives data he/she is most familiar with.

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Chapter 2: Definitions and concepts
As a census Interviewer, you must be familiar with several census definitions to accurately count the housing units in your enumeration area.

2.1 Enumeration area (EA):
An EA is an area to be covered by one Interviewer during the census period. It may comprise part of the village, a whole village or several villages, estate(s), trading centre(s), mission centres or part of an urban area. The EAs have already been demarcated and the boundaries are marked on the maps, which will be given to you.

2.2 Village:
In this census a village means the area controlled by the village headman. It can either be recognised or not by the District Administrator.

2.3 Place
A place may be part of a village or any area other than a village whose name is locally known. It will provide information on the overall population size for that particular locality.

2.4 Household
It consists of one or more persons, related or unrelated, who live together and make common provision for food and recognise one member as head. They regularly take all their food from the same pot, and/or share the same grain store (nkhokwe) or pool their incomes for the purpose of purchasing food. Persons in a household may live in one or more dwelling units.There are three major types of households namely Regular, Collective and Homeless.

2.4.1 Regular household:
A regular household is a household whose members share housing units, living quarters and meals during the census period.

2.4.2 Collective household/collective living quarters:
Refers to a group of people who live together sharing common facilities such as kitchen, toilet, lounge, and dormitories. In such situations the residents may not have complete independent quarters that qualify as housing units as their living quarters during the census period.

Collective living quarters refer to living quarters in which a group of persons live together. They include the following categories:

In some instances, there will be both housing units and collective quarters on the premises e.g. the hospital staff may have their own family quarters (housing units) within the hospital premises; employees in transient hotels may have separate apartments within the hotel premises; etc.

2.4.3 Homeless:
Refers to any other household, not readily classifiable in either of the above, it is a residual, which in this case may accommodate the category of "homeless" etc.

2.5 Special household cases
There are special Household cases that may need special treatment worthy noting as follows:

2.6 Head of household
This is a person among the household members who is acknowledged by other members of the same household and is often the one who makes most decisions concerning the welfare of the members of the household regardless of sex and age.

2.7 Structure
A structure is defined as "any unit of construction that has four walls or an all-round wall, a roof and at least one door irrespective of the type of construction materials used". Buildings,

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caravans, tents, and tinned houses are some examples of structures. Based on the materials used for construction of wall and roof, the structures, in this Census are classified into three major groups: permanent, semi- permanent and traditional.

2.7.1 Permanent structure
A permanent structure is one having a roof made of iron sheets, tiles, concrete or asbestos, and walls made of burnt bricks, concrete or stones. Examples include a house made of stone walls and corrugated iron sheets, or a shop with burnt bricks and concrete roof; or a house with concrete walls and asbestos roofing; caravans; and tinned houses.

Note: A structure with stone walls or burnt bricks or concrete with a corrugated iron roof which is covered with tiles should be taken as permanent (the tiles should be considered as finishing or decoration).

2.7.2 Semi-permanent structures
A semi-permanent is one lacking construction materials of a permanent structure for wall and roof. This category includes, for example, structures which have iron sheet roofing and sun- dried bricks or burnt bricks walls with thatched roof. It also includes tents.

2.7.3 Traditional structure
A traditional structure is one having thatched roof with mud walls, or walls made of mud and wattle.

2.8 Vacant structure
It is a structure that is not occupied at the time of census.

2.9 Other structure
This is a structure that is neither a dwelling unit nor a vacant structure such as churches, mosques, schools, shops etc.

2.10 Dwelling unit (DU)
It may be defined as any structure; permanent, semi-permanent or traditional where people sleep. It may be a hut, house, store with a sleeping room or rooms at the back or sides, a shelter of reeds/straw such as those used by fishermen, or any other structure where people sleep. A dwelling unit should have at least one person sleeping in it.

2.11 Room
A room is a space in a DU or other living quarters enclosed by walls.

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2.12 Kitchen
It is a free, standing structure, or a room in a structure, that is solely for cooking.

Note: If a structure is used for both cooking and sleeping, it should be considered as a DU. Furthermore, a free standing structure is considered as one of the rooms of the main structure if it is not used for dwelling. A room in the main structure that is used for cooking is considered as one of the rooms of the main structure.

2.13 Calendar of events
This is a summary of historical events with the corresponding dates of their occurrence. These events are recognised and acknowledged throughout the country and districts respectively. (See Appendices A).

2.14 Call-back visit
This refers to a visit to a household made by an Interviewer to try to complete the questionnaire that could not be completed on an earlier visit(s). This may be because the respondent:
could not give correct/acceptable responses, or gave incomplete responses, or was not available, or refused.

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Chapter 3: Conducting census enumeration

3.1 Explaining the census
This section provides important background information that you will need to know before starting the census interview. Among topics discussed in the sections are:

3.4 Confidentiality
Within the context of the Census, the term "confidentiality" refers to our guarantee to individuals who provide Census information. The name, address, and other information that would identify an individual is not available to persons other than sworn NSO employees. Therefore, you will be required to take an Oath of Office and Secrecy.

To ensure confidentiality, you must observe the following rules:

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3.5 Penalties
As an Interviewer you are liable for the loss or damage of tablet, power bank and solar charger and accessories. A surcharge action will be based on the cost/price of the lost or damaged items.

Ensure that interviews are conducted with appropriate household members. Friends, neighbours, or other non-household members should not be present during the household interview. It is important to ensure privacy so that respondents feel they can answer your questions freely and honestly, and so the information that they share remains confidential.

If you disclose such statistical information for personal gain to unauthorised person you are committing an offence and you shall be liable upon conviction to a fine of five hundred thousand kwacha (K500,000) and to imprisonment for two (2) years.

3.6 Pre-enumeration arrangements
Arrange a place and time for a meeting with your Field Supervisor, who will advise you on your itinerary for the first few days, and then you may proceed immediately to your assigned EA. Before you start enumeration of your EA:

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3.8 Enumerating yourself
If you actually live in your enumeration area, you will record yourself when you enumerate your own household. If you are living at your own household in one enumeration area but commuting to work in a different enumeration area you will be counted by another Interviewer when he/she contacts your household. If you are residing in the EA in which you are working, you enumerate yourself; alternatively, if you are residing in another EA make sure that you are enumerated by your colleague. You should also note that although you might have worked as an Interviewer the previous week, your normal occupation should be recorded. For example, if you were a teacher record, "teacher"; if a student, record "student".

Note: If you were an Interviewer the previous week (as your only employment), record Interviewer".

3.9 Interviewing procedures
In order to have a systematic daily procedure and uniformity among Interviewers, please follow the instructions below:

Note that the preliminary enumeration is expected to take 18 days or less. The Census headquarters has therefore allowed 18 days for the preliminary enumeration and the last 3 days for the final enumeration in the month of September, 2018.

Once you have completed the preliminary enumeration of everyone in your EA, proceed to inform your supervisor, or another census official, as soon as possible. Any instructions to re- enumerate households or complete inaccurate or incomplete forms must be immediately

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complied with. Ensure that all the aspects of preliminary enumeration are completed within the time allocated that is before census night. If you foresee that you will not be able to meet the deadline inform your supervisor as soon as possible so that he/she may take remedial measures.

3.11 Conducting census enumeration

3.11.1 How to ask questions
Ask exactly as worded:

Ask every question:

3.11.2 How to probe
When the respondent's answer does not meet the question's objective, probe to clarify or expand his/her answer.

The probing procedures listed below are useful in stimulating discussion:

3.11.3 Importance of using neutral probes

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We have stressed that you need to stimulate discussion. This does not mean that you should influence the respondent's answer or unnecessarily prolong the interview. Probing should be as neutral as possible so you do not distort the respondent's answers. When you ask neutral questions of all respondents, we have comparability between all the interviewers in the survey. If each interviewer asks a leading probe, we would not be comparing responses to same questions. This would thoroughly defeat the goal of having a standardised survey.

3.11.4 Types of interviews

3.11.4.1 Regular Interview
Most of your interviews will be with households eligible for the PHC 2018.

3.11.4.2 Quality Assurance Interview (Spot-Check)
The 2018 Census will include re-interview (spot-check) cases for which Field Supervisors will conduct follow-up interviews at households initially interviewed by an Interviewer. The re- interview questionnaire is a shortened version of the actual Census questionnaire and, at the introduction screen of CAPI, the Field Supervisors asks to speak with original respondent.

3.11.5 After the interview
It is important to understand what happens at the end of an interview:

3.11.6 End of the day procedures

3.11.7 Paired practice - basic interview path
During the training you are required to conduct paired practice interviews. One enumerator will be the interviewer and the other the respondent.

3.11.8 Case studies

3.11.8.1 Interrupted Interview
Interrupted interviews are incomplete interviews that arise due to the following reasons:

If such circumstances occur, you have to inform your field supervisor immediately.

3.11.8.2 Probing
It is common to interview respondents who either do not understand the question, or respond vaguely. With appropriate questioning, such respondents can provide more [accurate] information as needed. Some of the common cases where probing is more likely are:

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Chapter 4: Challenging situations
Not all interviews will flow smoothly. This chapter will explore the types of situations you may experience and how to handle any issues that arise during your enumeration attempts. Each situation may require a different approach, but remaining calm and professional will help resolve most issues.

4.1 No one at home
The visit to a structure is to confirm that the address exists and whether it represents a housing unit. Even when you plan your visits for times when people are most likely to be home, finding no one home is to be expected. When no one is home, it may be because the household members are out of the house temporarily, whether for work, school, vacation, and so forth, and not because the unit is vacant.

If no one is at home:

You should contact the household at most three times, trying to make each visit at a different time of day. It is not acceptable for you to conduct all the three visits on the same day and then stop attempting to contact the household.

If the household members are not present during the last visit for the period of census enumeration, then mark the household as vacant

Note: Do not open a new household in CAPI until you have met the eligible respondent and you are starting the enumeration

4.2 Handling refusals and reluctant respondents
Most of the people you interview will be cooperative, but you may come across people who object to participating. The purpose of this topic is to provide you with information to help you handle refusals and reluctant respondents.

When people are not cooperative, it is important that you maintain a positive and professional attitude. The best way to handle people who do not want to cooperate is to be prepared for the questions they ask and the objections they raise. Remain calm, do not threaten or antagonize the respondent, try to find out the reason for the refusal, and do not take the refusal personally.

4.2.1 Avoiding refusals
Strategies for avoiding refusals:

However, sometimes gaining access is difficult because someone or something denies you access. The purpose of this topic is to suggest methods for gaining access to gated or restricted access communities or buildings.

Restricted access is any apartment, gated community, or building where you do not have access to the actual door of the household due to the following:

Every situation you encounter will be different. However, some techniques apply to almost all situations.

Wearing professional dress and letter of introduction assists the Interviewer to be given access to restricted areas by the community. In previous censuses, Interviewers who always wore Professional dress and carry letter of introduction did not have significant access problems.

For those areas like barracks, Police and statehouses enumerator are deployed from their respective areas.

4.4 Scenarios

4.4.1 Scenario 1: Quality assurance interview

As data is being collected from households, the field supervisor will perform a series of checks including consistency of responses, incorrect or missing responses, etc. These checks will be accomplished by asking some questions in the questionnaire, referred to as back- checks. The responses from the back-checks will be compared to the original data collected by the interviewer.

If the responses differ:

4.4.2 Scenario 2: Refusal

Refusal is when a respondent denies to be interviewed. The respondent's availability and willingness to be interviewed will depend on large part on the initial impression you make when you meet them. Introduction yourself and explain the purpose of your visit. If the respondent is unwilling to be interviewed, it may be that the present time is inconvenient. Ask whether another time would be convenient and make an appointment, and inform the field supervisor.

4.4.3 Scenario 3: Reluctance
Reluctance is unwillingness to be interviewed. During the interview, the respondent may not want to answer all questions at the time you visit. If an interview is incomplete for reason, you should arrange for an appointment to see the respondent again as soon as possible to complete the questionnaire.

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Chapter 5: Overview of CAPI and CSPRO instrument

This document will introduce the major operations of the computer assisted personal interviews (CAPI) in the 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census (MPHC). The document explains the role and responsibilities of Supervisors and Interviewers conducting the MPHC using tablet. Because computer-aided interviewing techniques are likely to be new for Supervisors and Interviewers, it is particularly important to understand how to operate using the tablet, ask questions and deal with problems arising in interviews and fieldwork using this new technology. In particular, this document will explain how to record responses correctly and follow instructions given by the computer.

[CAPI is an interviewing technique in which the interviewer uses a computer or mobile device (i.e. tablet) to answer the questions. The interviewer uses a tablet to enter responses as they occur. The interview is contacted face-to-face, and the entry application (sometimes referred to as the "instrument") determines the question order and skips, and also performs editing for responses.
CAPI offers a flexible approach to collecting data, and can result in improved data quality and more efficient interviewing and processing.]

[Add info about CSPRO: Lusungu]

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5.1 Guidelines for Computer Assisted Personal Interview in the 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census

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5.2 Using the tablet

5.2.1 What is a tablet?
Tablets are ultra-portable computers which can run a variety of software programs. For this survey, we use a system of programs developed using CSPro, which is a data entry and management software designed for surveys and censuses.

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The tablets used for the MPHC are touch controlled using an index finger on the tablet screen. You tap/touch on the screen to control the actions of the tablet.

The types of tablets used for this survey are designed so that gentle pressure on the tablet screen will not have any effect. Therefore, it is necessary to apply moderately firm pressure on the screen in order for the finder tip to be detected. However, do not apply excessive pressure on the screen with the finger in case this damages the screen surface. Also, it is important not to press on the screen with the finger for too long, since this will be

Figure 1: Using a tablet
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Treated by the tablet as a different command from that of a "click".

5.2.2 Specifications Operating System:
Android 6.0 Display: 8.0"
Wireless Connectivity: LTE/3G/2G GSM/Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac MIMO (2.4GHz/5GHz) Wi- Fi Direct, BT 4.1 BLE
Processor: Quad Core Processor Memory: 2GB RAM + 16 GB Storage
Dimension: 8.0" 134.8 x 198.6 x 5.6 mm (272 g)

5.2.3 Battery: 8.0" 4,000mA

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5.2.4 Part of the tablets Key:

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5.2.5 Powering up and Powering down the tablet Procedure for Powering up ("Booting") the tablet:
Press and hold the power button and the tablet will vibrate and the tablet will start booting and
show the brand logo. Once the booting has finished, the tablet will show the home screen with CSEntry App shortcut showing on the home screen as shown in the figure below:

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5.3 Use and care of the tablets - The dos and don'ts

5.3.1 Preventative maintenance

5.3.2 Cleaning your tablet

5.3.3 Accidental spills
If you do accidentally spill liquid on the tablet:

5.3.4 Battery care
The average lithium-ion battery life in a tablet pc is approximately 13 months, depending on usage. These hints will help you achieve a longer lifespan for your battery.

5.4 Instructions to the Interviewer - Interviewer menu

The following are the functionalities available for the supervisor menu:

Once the application is launched, Click on "update programs from supervisor".

Click on "allow" when you get a warning to start blue tooth transfer.

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Following this, the Bluetooth transfer will begin as shown below:

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5.6 Login into the system

After a successful synchronization, yours and other team members name will appear on the tablet. Click on your name to begin the login process.

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Create a login pin. Please note that you should remember this pin at all times throughout the census period and not share it with anyone else.

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5.7 Begin the interview

Once logged in, you will enter the "Assignment Selection" screen. In this screen, the supervisor would have allotted an EA for you to work in. Click on the EA and then move to the next screen.

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You are now ready to begin your interview. Click on "Add new household".

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Following this, click on yes to begin your interview.

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5.8 Resuming the interview

If you exited the application during the middle of an interview, then it is recorded as a partially saved household. In order to continue the interview from where you left off on the partially saved household, you can click on the option "Continue working on the household".
This option will take you to that point in the application where you had exited.

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5.9 View the households

To see the list of households that you are working on, select the option to view the households.

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From the list of households, select that household in which you want to continue working on.

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5.10 Transfer data with the supervisor

Once you have completed your tasks for the day, you will have to transfer the completed tasks to the supervisor.

In order to perform data syncing (transfer), you will have to click on "Transfer data with supervisor".

This is a Bluetooth transfer. Hence you will have to be physically close to the tablet of the supervisor while performing this function.

You will have to inform the supervisor that you will transfer data as he/she will also have to receive your data simultaneously

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Once you perform, you will get a notification that the tablet is waiting for connections.

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Following this, the supervisor will also have to sync the data from his end to complete data transfer. The following screen is displayed with messages to indicate that the transfer is taking place

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5.11 Change assignment

If you want to change his EA to another that has been assigned, then he will have to click on "Change my assignment". Please note that this function can be used only when more than 1 EA has been assigned to the interviewer

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You can select the assignment or update the programs from the supervisor. If more than one assignments, all the assignments will be displayed in this option.

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5.12 Switch users
If another interviewer wishes to use the tablet that you are using, then click on "switch users". This will then take you to the screen with other interviewers in the same group

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Please note that when you switch users, the user will have to login with pin code once again.

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Chapter 6: Completion of the census questionnaire

Do not suggest or assume answers under any circumstances. Always do sufficient probing where necessary before recording any answers.

Make sure that you ask the questions in such a way that you collect the intended information. Rephrase questions if the respondent does not seem to understand and ask additional questions if the respondent gives irrelevant or incomplete answers.

6.1 General instructions
All Interviewers should observe the following instructions throughout the fieldwork period:

6.2 Section L: Localization and identification of the household
The 2018 PHC application has been designed in such a way that the region, district, TA, and EA for enumeration will be selected by the field supervisor using the menu application. The interviewer will only select the group village head and the village.

Household number:
The household number is generated by the CAPI application. Make sure you CHALK this number on the dwelling units occupied by members of the household. (Refer to chapter 2.7e for instruction on how to chalk the dwelling unit.)

Number of dwelling units (DU's) to a household:
The total number of DU's will be asked in the household characteristics section of the application.

If you are enumerating in open places such as under the bridge, streets etc., household number and number of dwelling units to the household will not be recorded.

6.3 Household listing
At the household, the interviewer should develop a good relationship with the head or a knowledgeable member of the household who could provide information for the household.

You should find out who resides or stays in the household. Enter the names of the household members (i.e. enter name and surname) in the order below:

The name of the head of the household, if he or she usually lives in this household, should always be entered first and other members on subsequent rows. Remember to include a visitor or a servant (if he/she lives in the household).

6.4 Section P: Questions on population P01-P08

For all members of the household

Enter the name of the household members starting with the head of the household. Afterwards enter the name of the spouse, children (eldest to youngest), other relatives of the head and non- relatives. Remember to include a visitor or a servant (if he/she lives in the household).

P02 Relationship to head of household
Enter the relationship of the household member to the Head of the Household.

Caution: Please note that the respondent may not always be the head of the household and so the relationship of each member must be with reference to the head.

P03 Sex
Select male or female. Be careful to get the sex of young children right - ask, do not guess. Always confirm or verify the sex of a person against information recorded in P01.

P04 Age
This is one of the most important questions in the questionnaire and one of the most difficult to answer correctly. You should try your best to obtain an accurate answer. Record the age of the respondent in completed years in the field provided.

P05 Date of birth

Here you will record the date of birth. If the date of birth is not known your last resort is to use the calendar of events in Appendix 1 of this manual. The age of a person is obtained in the column headed 'age'.

Do not try to place much reliance on a single event, check the reported year of birth with an event which the person clearly remembers.
If the person in question does not know of an appropriate event coinciding exactly with his/her date of birth, ask him/her to try to remember an event which occurred nearer to his/her date of birth. Do some calculations to reach his/her date of birth either backwards or forward, depending on whether he/she was born before or after the event.

Finally, if everything else fails, you can look at the person, check his/her position in relation to his/her siblings, whose ages are known, and through common sense establish his/her probable date of birth. Alternatively, you can ask the person to think of his/her age-mates who know their date of birth, establish their date of birth, and record the same date of birth for him/her.

P06 Place of birth
Select district or select the foreign country (See P06A for list of foreign countries) provided where the respondent was born. Thus, for an example, if a person was born in Lilongwe select Lilongwe as the district. In case the person was not born in Malawi, select "outside Malawi".

P07 Nationality

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Enquire about the nationality of each member of the household. Establish whether the person is a Malawian or not. If a person reports that he/she is a non-Malawian, select the appropriate nationality from the drop down list.

P08 Residence

Ask about the status of residence of the person being interviewed.

"Residents" will be defined as those people who stayed continuously in the household being enumerated for a period of 6 months or more. If in doubt about whether the person is a resident or just visits the home regularly, ask "where does he/she spend most of his/her time?", or "nthawi zambiri amakhalitsa kuti?" in Chichewa. If he/she spends more than 6 months in a certain area, then that will be his/her area of residence.

You will find that people in rural areas will insist that you record their sons and daughters who work in urban areas. Do not under any circumstances record people in their home areas as residents of those households if they do not stay there. They can only be recorded in the household if they always come to sleep there after work; otherwise, they will be residents of the household where they spend most of their time. Therefore, in most cases, those people who work and reside in towns and have homes in rural areas will be resident in towns and should be recorded as "Usual Residents" of the towns. If the definition is closely observed, no person shall be a usual resident of two or more households and hence no double-counting.

P09-P13 Only for usual residents
Questions P09-P013 are only administered to usual members of that household.

P09 Religion
It is the type of worship towards God. It takes several forms such as Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, etc. Religion should not be confused with denomination. Ask the respondent about the type of religion of each member of the household.

There are cases when a child's (under five) religion is not known. If the husband and his wife belong to different religions, you should assign the religion of the mother to the child. If both parents belong to the same religion, then consider the child as belonging to that religion too.

Select the appropriate option of religion of each person in the questionnaire using the following:

Note: Religions such as Baha'ism should be considered as "other". In some districts Nyau is a religion. In this case, select "traditional".

P10: Tribe
Enquire the tribe of the person and select the appropriate option. In the situation where the respondent does not know the tribe of the child because parents are from different tribes, ask whether they are in paternal or maternal system. If paternal, enter the father's tribe but, if maternal, you should enter the mother's tribe.

P11: Previous residence
Select the district where the respondent/household member was previously residing during the same month last year. Otherwise, select "not moved" if the person has not moved within the specified period. Thus, for example, if a person was previously residing in Karonga in the Northern Region, select Karonga for the district. If the person was not previously residing in Malawi, select "outside Malawi", e.g. "Lesotho", "Namibia", "France", etc.

Note: It is important that you select the actual district/town of previous residence, that is, if a respondent says he/she previously resided in Lilongwe, probe whether it was Lilongwe rural or Lilongwe city and record accordingly.

P12: Length of current residence
Ask for the length of stay at current residence for the respondent/household member. If it is less than 1 year, enter 0. If the place of residence has not changed since birth, record his/her age, since birth means "I have been staying at this residence ever since I was born."
Note: P12 refers to inter-district movement, not within-district movement, except for Lilongwe, Zomba, Blantyre, and Mzuzu.

For example:
If a person has shifted from Lilongwe rural to Lilongwe City, record how long he/she has stayed in Lilongwe City.

On the other hand, if a person has shifted places within Lilongwe City, then no movement has occurred. Hence, record the period stayed in Lilongwe city. This rule applies to all urban areas of Blantyre, Zomba, Lilongwe and Mzuzu.

Movement within district, for example, from TA Kaphuka to Dedza BOMA, then again there is no movement. Hence, the number of years should only be recorded for the period stayed in Dedza district.

P13: Type and causes of disability
Disability refers to physical or mental handicap, which inhibits an individual's ability to work or participate in normal activities. Disability might occur from birth or may be brought about by disease or injury. Classify the person according to the disability with which he/she suffers and its Cause. Select "yes" or "no" or degree of disability for each of the disability. If yes, select the cause of the disability.

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Note: You need to probe the type of disability in order not to confuse with current illness.

P14-P15: Residents less than 18 years old

P14: Parental survivorship and residence is biological mother alive?

Make sure that the mother referred to in this case is the biological mother (Mayi Ake Omubereka!!). Sometimes a foster parent is referred to as "mother" in Malawi Custom just because she is the biological mother's sister. This foster parent should not be recorded as "mother" in this case but as "other relative". You should, therefore, probe to find out if the mother is the biological mother to the child referred to before you record her as such. If the biological mother is still alive, ask if she stays in this household.

Is biological father alive?

Make sure that the father referred to in this case is the biological father (Bambo Ake Omubereka!!). Sometimes a foster parent referred to as "father" in Malawi Custom just because he is the biological father's brother. This foster parent should not be recorded as "father" in this case but "other relative". You should, therefore, probe to find out if the father is the biological father to the child referred to before you record him as such. If the biological father is still alive, ask if he stays in this household.

P15: Birth certificate
The purpose of this question is to find out whether people are registering the births of their children. Enquire if the child has a birth certificate.
Select the appropriate option:

Note: If the respondent is in doubt, show him/her the sample of the birth certificate in Appendix II.

P15A: National ID
For persons 16 years and older

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The purpose of this question is to find out whether people are registering for National IDs. Enquire if [the respondent] has a National ID. Select the appropriate option:

P16-P19: Residents aged 3 years and older

P16: Literacy
This question is directed to persons 3 years and older to determine if they can read and write a short sentence in any language.

P17: School attendance
This question seeks to find out if the person has ever attended any educational institution and pre-school. There are three categories to this question; "never attended", "has ever attended", and "currently attending". Please select the option that is applicable.

P18A: Highest level of school
This question seeks to find out the highest level of school that the person attended. The level of school can be preschool, primary, secondary, university, and other tertiary.

P18B: Highest class completed
This refers to the highest class a person completed, irrespective of whether or not he/she has actually written or passed any examination at that class. This is also irrespective of whether or not he/she is currently in school or not. Ask the respondent about the highest class completed for each member of the household aged 3 years or older. Select the appropriate option provided. For example, if a person reached but did not complete standard 7, he/she should be considered as having completed standard 6. If a person repeated standard 8, his/her highest class completed will be standard 7.

In the case of primary and secondary schools, you should record the highest class or form completed. Most people who left school before 1966 will tend to give the names of the classes taken when they were at school but which are no longer being used. In this case, before you enter the number referring to the highest class reached, you must ask for the year in which they left school. This will enable you to convert their answers to the modern class names through the
use of an "educational conversion chart" which is on page 55 of this manual. For instance,
Sub A and Sub B are to be recorded as standards 1 and 2, respectively; old standard 5 as standard 7; and, old standard 8 as form 2. You should always check whether the person is giving old class names before making an entry in the questionnaire.

Some people may not remember the highest class or standard they reached and others may have been educated in another country where different names are given to classes. In such cases, you should ask how many years they spent at school and select the appropriate option for the class from the "educational conversion chart". Bear in mind that pupils sometimes repeat classes and, when in doubt, you should ask about this. In particular, you must not assume that, because a person spent more than eight years at school, he/she attended a secondary school. You will only record him/her as attending secondary school if he/she confirms that he/she actually did so.

P19: Highest qualification

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The highest qualification in education is classified according to the nature of qualification obtained through the regular school system, both public and private colleges, as well as Universities. The qualification will be based on the levels of education acquired. It, therefore, encompasses Primary, Secondary, High School, and University education. For example, for people educated in Malawi, only those who completed a programme of study at UNIMA, or any other recognized university, will have either BA, BSc, MA, MSc, or PhD as their highest formal education completed. Also, the same principle shall apply to those educated at any other organized tertiary institutions who have acquired certificates or diplomas.

Select the highest qualification obtained. The qualifications are shown below:

If, for example, someone reached Form 4 but did not pass MSCE, then his/her highest qualification attainment is JC and not MSCE. If someone went up to standard 8 but did not obtain Primary School Leaving Certificate, he/she must be regarded as having no education qualification; that is, his/her highest educational qualification will be "none". It is important that you should probe exactly what certificate the household member is currently holding before selecting the option.

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Education conversion chart

[omitted figure]

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P20-P27: Residents aged 10 years and older (economic activity)

Economically active - Definitions

Note: A person who had a job or enterprise but who is temporarily absent during the reference period due to injury, illness, vacation or other leave should be classified according to his/her job or enterprise as an employee, a family business worker, self- employed, or an employer.

Economically inactive - Definitions

Note: It may be necessary to ask several probing questions in order to determine a person's economic activity status.

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P20: Worked last 7 days
In this question we want to know whether the respondent has worked for at least an hour (1 hour) during the last 7 days, apart from his/her housework. If the person worked during the last 7 days for at least an hour apart from his/her household work, select "yes".

P21: Why not worked in last 7 days
If the person did not work for at least an hour during the last 7 days, probe to find out why he/she did not work and select the appropriate code from the list according to the available responses.

P22: Any activity in last 7 days
P22 will apply to those people who in the last 7 days did the following activities;

Examples of production, services, and selling:

P23: Availability to work
Ask the person if he/she is available for work.

P24: Have seen seeking for work
Ask the person if he/she has been looking for work during the last 7 days.

Residents currently working/ever worked

P25: Occupation
Occupation refers to the kind of work the person does or the kind of the work he/she did, when he/she was working for the first time. This question is to enquire specifically about the nature of the job he/she is doing most of the time in the last 7 days. If the person uses vague answers such as Civil Servant, Businessman, or Labourer, ask him/her the exact type of job he/she did most of the time, and then select the occupation. The occupation will best be described by such job titles as teacher, driver, cook, etc. If a person moved from job to job, you will only record that occupation he/she is engaged in during the reference period or the last 7 days. If a person has two or more occupations, enter the one in which he/she spends most of his/her time. Select the job title as given.

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Try to get comprehensive answers. For example, it is not enough for a respondent to inform you that he/she is a teacher. Probe to find out if he/she is a primary or secondary school teacher, etc. Record secondary school teacher or whatever the case maybe. Below are some of the vague answers and some probing to assist you to arrive at a correct answer.

Steps to follow by using a "search method":

[omitted figure]

Common occupations in Malawi

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P26: Work/occupation status
This refers to the status in employment of an economically active individual that is those who have been classified as working or have worked in the last 7 days. Find out what the individual's current work status is. If the person is available for work and seeking a new job, find out his/her anticipated work status. Classify such a person as:

P27: Industry/main product
The industry identifies the type of product, service, or activity produced or provided by the individual (and work mates, if applicable) at the place where he/she works. The same principle applies if the individual is self-employed or an employer. This should not be confused with the person's own job. Industry refers to the products or services or main functions or activities of the workplace. You will often discover a person's industry by asking who employs him/her and what kind of articles or services are produced at his/her place of employment. For example, a man/woman may be an accounts clerk and be employed by a dairy farmer, his/her occupation is 'accounting clerk', and his/her industry is 'dairy farming'. Like above there is a need to probe in order to arrive at the correct response. Below are some specific examples of how to probe for better industry information:

Factory
What kind of goods does the factory manufacture or make? e.g.shoes, fruit juices, clothes, etc. Thus, if a respondent says he/she is working in a factory which manufacture cooking oil, select "manufacturing" section. Then under divisions, select "manufacture of food products". Then under groups, select "manufacture of vegetable and animals' oils and fats "products". Under Class, select "manufacture of vegetable and animals' oils and fats".

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[omitted table]

P27E-P27F: Ownership of land
There is increasing evidence that ownership of property by women has positive consequences for women's empowerment. Ownership implies that the land is legally registered in the woman's name or, man's name since official property records do not always exist or are not maintained, the land is recognized as hers and cannot be sold without her signature or equivalent.

P27E: Land ownership
Concerns whether one owns agricultural or non-agricultural land either by herself or jointly with someone else. Non-agricultural land refers to rural land that is not used for growing crops and most land in urban areas. The size, quality, or purpose of the land is not relevant to this question; we are only asking about his/her ownership of any type or size of land.

P27F: Deed ownership
Ask if the respondent has a title deed for the land he/she owns and if his/her name is on the title deed. For option "Both alone and jointly", it means that household member has at least two pieces of land, one of which is owned alone and another one jointly.

P28-P29: Residents aged 12 years and older

P28: Marital status
This question is asked only for persons who are 12 years and older. Select the appropriate response from the following:

P29: Age at first marriage

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This question is asked to persons aged 12 years and older who are married, divorced/separated, or widowed. Ask their age at first marriage, that is, how old he/she was when he/she first got married or lived together with a partner.

If there is some difficulty in recalling the age, ask for the date (that is year) at which that person first got married or lived with a partner. (Use the calendar of events if necessary.) The information actually needed in this question is the age of the person in completed years at his/her first marriage (AFM). This can be obtained by subtracting Date of Birth (DOB) from date at first marriage (DFM)

e.g. if DFM = March 1978;
DOB= June 1949 AFM = [78+(3/12)] - [49+(6/12)]
= 78.25 - 49.50
= 28.75

Therefore, completed age at marriage is 28 years

If the respondent cannot remember, try to find out roughly how many years that person has been married, and, if he/she is still in the first marriage, deduct the number of years in marriage from 2018 to reach the year of marriage. If all the above fails, take a rough estimate of what he/she remembers.

P30-P33: Resident women aged 12 years and older - birth details

P30: Number of children ever born alive
For this question, ask the number of children ever born alive (born alive, means that they must have shown a sign of life, e.g. crying at birth) to each female in her lifetime. If the female (12 years and older) has never had children in her lifetime, enter "00" in the box provided. Enter number of children in the box provided for males or females separately. If the children born to the woman are either no longer staying with her or are dead (but were born alive), they should be included.

P31: Number of children still alive
From the children who were born alive, ask how many are still alive even if they are staying somewhere else. They must be included as long as they are still alive. Write the number of boys and girls still alive in the space provided.

P32: Date of birth of last child
Ask and record the month and year when the last child was born.

P33: Last born child still alive
Ask if the last born child is still alive.

Important:
While probing for this information make sure that the woman includes any of her children who might have died shortly after birth (as long as they were born alive). Furthermore, any of her children who might have died at any other age are to be recorded. However, ensure that still- births, that is, births which did not show any sign of life, are not included.

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6.5 Section D: Dwelling units characteristics

D01: Number of dwelling units
Record number of dwelling units mentioned by the respondent.

D02: Tenure of the housing unit
Select the tenure of the housing unit.

D03: Main material of roof
Select the main type of roof material. Grass thatch

D04: Main material of wall
Select the main type of wall material.

D05: Main material of the floor
Select the main type of floor material.

D06: Type of dwelling
The type of dwelling depends on the main material for roof and wall. This question will be auto filled by CAPI application.

D07: Number of rooms
The total number of rooms, include bedrooms, dining rooms, study rooms, habitable attics, servant's rooms, kitchens, rooms used for business purposes, etc., as long as they meet the criteria of walls and floor space. Do not include passageways, verandas, lobbies, bathrooms, toilets, garages, and storerooms as rooms, if they are used as such. Enter the number of rooms in the field provided.

D08: Number of rooms for sleeping
Of the number of rooms mentioned above, record the number of rooms the household use for sleeping.

D09: Number of occupants
Record the total number of occupants that usually sleep in the rooms.

D10: Main source of water dry season and wet season
The purpose of these questions is to assess the source and cleanliness of the drinking water used by household during the dry season and wet season. If drinking water is obtained from several sources, probe to determine the main source from which the household obtains the majority of its drinking water. The interviewer should make sure that the source of drinking water is recorded for the rainy and the dry season. The following table provides a more specific description of what is meant by the respective source of drinking water.

[omitted figure]

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[omitted figure]

D11 Type of toilet

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Enquire about the type of toilet or means of excreta disposal used in the household and select the appropriate option (This question is asking about usage, not ownership):

[omitted table]

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[omitted table]

D12: Shared toilet facility
Enquire to find out if the toilet facility is shared with another household.

D13: Main source of energy for lightning
Ask about the main source of energy the household uses mainly for lighting and select the appropriate response. The answers are as follows:

D14: Main source of energy for cooking
Ask about the main source of energy the household uses mainly for cooking and select the appropriate response. It is possible that a household may use more than one source of energy at any one time, but it is the one that is most often used that should be recorded. Only one option should be selected and the categories are as follows:

D14A: Bathroom
This question is aimed at establishing whether a household has a bathroom. Provide the exact location for those that have a bathroom.

D14B: Waste disposal
This question aims at collecting information on how the household disposes solid waste or garbage. Select the correct response from the following:

D14C: Kitchen
This question is asked to determine whether a household has a kitchen or other space used for cooking and also where it is located.

D14D: Kitchen sharing
This question is asked to households that have a kitchen or other space used for cooking. The main focus is on whether the kitchen or cooking area is shared with other households.

Assets of the household
Ask if the household has the following assets. Be sure to ask about all assets on the list.

D16: Internet access
Ask if the household have an internet connection.

D17: Livestock and poultry ownership
Ask if the household has the following livestock or poultry: Goats, Pigs, Cattle, Sheep, Chicken, or Other poultry.

If "yes", record the total number of livestock or poultry for each type.

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D18: Livelihood sources
Ask for main source of income for the household's livelihood during the past 12 months. Select the appropriate option.

D19A: Assistance received
Ask if the household received assistance of money, food, or agricultural inputs from others during the past 12 months. Select the appropriate option.

D19B: Source of assistance received
Ask the source of the assistance the household received during the past 12 months. Select the appropriate option.

D20A: Household saving
Ask if any member of the household saved money in the last 12 months. Select the appropriate option. Examples of money savings include: Village Bank, Mobile banking (Airtel Money, Mpamba, etc.), Commercial Banks, Investment, Microfinance, Business, etc.

D20B: Method of saving
Ask the main method of saving money. Select the appropriate option.

D21A: Credit access
Ask if any member of the household had access to any credit facility in the past 12 months. Select the appropriate option.

D21B: Source of credit
Ask the source of the credit facility. Select the appropriate option.

6.6 Section E: Emigration

Collect information on members of the household who have emigrated during the last 10 years (from 2008 to 2018).

E01: Members of household who have emigrated
This question asks if there is any member of the household who emigrated in the last 10 years (from 2008 to 2018).

E02: Name of emigrant
Ask respondent to provide the name of the household member who emigrated within the last 10 years.

E03: Sex of emigrant

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For each emigrant, recode the appropriate sex.

E04: Age of emigrant
Record the age of the household member during the time of migrating, in completed years.

E05: Destination of emigrant
Select the country of destination of emigrant.

Destination
You, therefore, will select the country to where a Malawi Citizen is reported stationed during the census period. A person reported to have been to more than one country / continent since he / she left should be recorded where he/she is at the time of interview.

E06: Departure year of emigrant
Record year of departure of the emigrant.

E07: Activity abroad
Select the appropriate option for the activity abroad.

Where a Malawi citizen abroad is reported engaged in more than one activity, you classify him
/ her according to the activity on which most of the time is spent.

Note: the activity abroad is asked for all persons who have emigrated regardless of their age as long as they are Malawians and have emigrated in the last 10 years.

E08 - E11: Received cash remittances
Ask if the household received any remittances - anything in terms of goods or cash - in the last five years (from 2013 to 2018) from the emigrant(s) mentioned in E1.

E08: Cash remittances
Ask if the household received remittances in the form of cash during the last 5 years (2013 to 2018) from any of the members who have emigrated. It is important to note that some households receive remittances through other means other than Commercial Banks, Mukuru,

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Western Union, etc. An example is the recent tendency of emigrants of transferring money through a friend or relatives (in local or foreign currencies) such that the equivalent is transferred to the household.

E09: Value of cash remittances
Ask how much the household received in remittances in cash in the past 12 months in Malawi Kwacha.

E10: Goods as remittances
Ask if the household received remittances in the form of goods during the last 5 years (2013 to 2018) from any of the members who have emigrated. An example is sending goods (such as TV's, bicycles, radios, clothes, etc.) through a friend or relatives to the household.

E11: Value of goods as remittances
Record the value of the goods the household received in remittances in the past 12 months in Malawi Kwacha. An example is goods (such as TV's, bicycles, radios, clothes, etc.) should be converted into cash values by the respondent.

6.7 Section M: Mortality

Deaths in the households in the last 12 months: You are required to ask the respondent to give you the number of people who died, including children, from this household in the last 12 months (September 2017 to September 2018, i.e. a stretch of a year from this date to the last year). The question you will have to ask will be: "Is there any member of the household who died during the last 12 months, i.e. since September 2017 to September 2018?"

M01: Deaths that occurred in the households
If there are deaths that occurred in the household in the last 12 months (from September 2017 to September 2018), select "Yes".

M02: Name of the deceased
Write the name of the deceased.

M03: Date of death of the deceased
Ask and select the month and year when the death occurred.

M04: Sex of the deceased
Ask and select sex of the deceased.

M05: Aage of the deceased
Record age at death in completed years of the deceased. Record 00 if age is less than 1 year.

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M06: Reason for death
Ask if the death was due to an accident, injury, suicide, or violence.

M07: Death while pregnant
Ask if the deceased died while pregnant.

M08: Death during child birth
Ask if the deceased died while giving birth.

M09: Death within 2 months after termination of pregnanct
Ask if the deceased died within 2 months of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the way the pregnancy was terminated.

6.8 Business ownership
Collect information about business ownership of members of the household.

B01: Own business
Ask if any member of the household owns any business.

B02: Business registered
Ask if the business is registered. The business can be registered at the Registrar General, Ministry of Industry, Trade and Tourism Offices, or Local Assemblies (DC's Offices).

B03: Business type
Ask how the business is owned. The type of business can be Sole Proprietor, Partnership, Company, Cooperative, etc.

B04: Core business activity
Ask about the main activity involved in the business. The businesses can include: selling of something in the same form it was bought, grow something and sell, buy something to sell but add value before selling, sell something collected from nature, make something and sell, process agricultural product, etc.

B05: Business economic sector
Ask about the goods and services the business renders such as Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing, Manufacturing, Construction, Transport and Logistics, etc.

B06: Number of males involved in business
Record the number of males involved in the business.

B07: Number of females involved in the business

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Record the number of females involved in the business.

B08: Business export
Ask whether the business involves exporting goods and services.

6.9 Completion of record of vacant and other structures form

In this MPHC, it is necessary to cover all the structures, that is, all occupied dwelling units including those that are vacant and other structures used for purposes other than dwelling.

Vacant structure: Any buildings which are intended for sleeping but are not occupied during the period of enumeration. On the other hand, the other structures are those buildings which are neither occupied nor vacant dwelling units and are used for other purposes other than dwelling. These include, office blocks, shops, churches, mosques, etc.

Note: other shops with rooms at the top, back, or sides where people sleep should be considered as dwelling units.

Identification: The name of region/district, TA, STA or Town, and Enumeration Area number.

Name of village or place: Ask for the name of the village or place, then select from the drop down list.

Structure serial number: Write the serial number generated in CAPI on the structure with chalk.

Note: You will see the serial number as 001, 002, 003, etc. on the CAPI questionnaire form. You will mark the vacant or other structures as V001, V002, V003, etc. on the actual structures.

Main use of structure: Find out the main use of each vacant or other structure you have listed. Write the main use of the structure. You will write "dwelling" if the structure is mainly used or intended for dwelling purposes. If the structure is mainly used for economic activities, such as carpentry, beer selling, selling food and beverages, office work, etc., you are required to write the specific type of economic activity. On the other hand, if the structure is used for other non-economic activities such as religion meetings, school, etc., then specify the non-economic activity.

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Appendix I - Acceptable use policy
The policy defines the appropriate use of tablets, power banks, solar chargers and communication resources for PHC and also addresses the information stored on or transferred via computers, networks and peripherals as well as usage and protection of the physical assets.

Tablet

Ensure that interviews are conducted with appropriate household members. Friends, neighbours, or other non-household members should not be present during the household interview. It is important to ensure privacy so that respondents feel they can answer your questions freely and honestly, and so the information that they share remains confidential.

If you disclose such statistical information for personal gain to unauthorised person you are committing an offence and you shall be liable upon conviction to a fine of five hundred thousand kwacha (K500, 000) and to imprisonment for two (2) years.

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Appendix II - Birth certificate sample
[omitted figure]

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Appendix III - Manual for mapping

1. Introduction

2. Your enumeration area (EA) map

You will be provided with an EA map to assist you with accurately identifying your EA boundary and the settlements and features in that area. In the maps below, the first one is an example of an urban EA while the second is an example of rural EA.

[omitted figure]

2.1. Map elements
Your EA map contains elements to aid you in understanding the area.

Title: The title identifies the EA shown on the map and other information about its location.

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Legend: The legend explains the meaning of the symbols on the map. Features on the map are symbolized in different ways. Colored lines represent the boundaries of EAs and traditional authorities. Point symbols represent the location of landmarks such as health facilities, schools, and villages. Use the legend to identify the location of features on the map.

[omitted figure]

Scale: Scale shows how distance on the map relates to distance on the ground. The EA map shows two types of scale:

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Small scale and large scale: Maps are described as either small scale or large scale. Small scale maps show less detail and cover a larger area. For example, a map showing an entire city at a scale of 1:15,000 is a small scale map. Large scale maps show more detail and cover a smaller area. For example, a map showing only a small part of a city at scale of 1:1,500 is a large scale map.

Direction: Directions on the map are shown with a compass symbol with north pointing towards the top of the map. Identify the north direction on the ground and on your EA map by using the compass directions reference on the map.

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2.2. Imagery

What is an image? An image is picture of the surface of the earth taken by a sensor (camera) flying overhead on an aircraft or satellite. The images used in EA maps shows colors similar to what the human eye can see. We use imagery to identify objects on the ground like buildings, roads, and trees. How these objects look in an image depends primarily on how they reflect light, but also on the time of year and day that the image was captured.

Object recognition -- We need to be able to recognize objects in an image for it to be useful. We are not used to looking at the world from a birds-eye view. Things that we say every day might not be immediately recognizable. You can learn to recognize objects from this new perspective with a little practice and experience. Color, shape, texture, and size can all be used to help recognize objects.

3. Geographic codes and administrative hierarchy

3.1 Geographic codes
The EA map has an eight-digit geographic code that identifies the area shown on the map. The table shows the parts of the code and what they mean.
EA Code 21079005: In this example, 2 is the region, 10 is the district, 07 is the administration area, and 005 is the EA.

3.2 Administrative hierarchy of Malawi
Levels in urban areas: City, Town, Boma, or Ward
Levels in rural areas: Paramount Chief, Senior Chief, Chief, Sub Chief

4. First things to do

To begin enumerating your EA, go to the map folder on your device and open the EA PDF. Verify that the EA map matches the assignment from your supervisor. Get to know your EA by reviewing the title, legend, and features on the map. Enlarge the map to get a closer look at the conditions on the ground.

Use the map to familiarize yourself with the settlement patterns in the EA. Are the DUs clustered together or far apart? Estimate how long it will take to travel between DUs or villages. Identify obstacles such as walls, rivers, or mountains. Take a look at the terrain. Is the land flat and easy to navigate or are there hills and rivers that can make travel difficult? Together with your field supervisor, speak with local leaders to get more information about the EA boundary and changes in DU or homesteads. Have new DUs been built that aren't shown on the map?

With all of this information as a guide, you will be prepared to systematically carry out the enumeration process.

5. Standard process

5.1. Plan a route to cover the EA

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Try to minimize the amount of time you would expect to spend returning to areas you have already been and crossing difficult terrain or obstacles. Take note of roads and foot paths visible in the image. The route should cover the EA completely and methodically taking advantage of available transportation options.

Use the road network in urban areas and visit each DU. Visit all of the DU on one side of the street before returning in the opposite direction to visit the DUs on the other side. In urban areas, it is easy to include or exclude DUs that do not belong to your EA. Try to maintain a mental link between where you are on the ground and the map. Count the number of structures. Observe the presence and orientation of walls and courtyards.

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5.1.1. Landmarks
There may be named landmarks in your EAs. These are the easiest points from which you can orient yourself.

5.1.2. Village name
Village names may also appear on the list in CAPI in rural areas. These names may correspond to a group of structures that appear on your map.

Note: Some village names the respondent tells you, might not be on the CAPI's list because the villages are new or are not yet recognized. In that case, you should probe for the previous name of the village.

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5.1.3. Unique buildings
Here is a closer look at the starting area chosen in the rural EA. We can make our first link between our location and the map by identifying the building with the bright roof in the center of the village. Look for a building with a roof made out of a different material that the rest of the structures. This roof is most likely metal based on the bright, whitish color.

5.1.4. Boundary buildings
You can also use the building that marks an edge of the settlement to orient yourself. Keep in mind that it is at the edges of a settlement that change--new buildings--are most likely. Use color, size, and orientation to verify that the boundary building in the image and the boundary building on the ground are the same object.

6. Special situations

6.1. Traditional Authority and Town Planning Area boundaries

In some Traditional Authorities and Town Planning Areas, part of an EA boundary does not follow roads, paths, or other physical features. An EA boundary might cross a DU, causing it to be difficult to identify in which EA the DU should be counted. The two maps above are examples of those types of situations. In those cases, the EA is determined by the location of the front door to the DU. In other words, if the front door is in your EA, the DU is assigned to you. Work with your supervisor to confirm the assignment of the DU.

6.2. Unclear physical features
Consider the following examples. In the below image, the physical feature used for the boundary is a small trail. A much more prominent path is north of the boundary. It would be easy to assume that the more prominent path represents the boundary.

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6.3. In the image below a portion of the boundary follows an imaginary line rather than a physical feature.
This imaginary line should be identified in the field by establishing a site line between two objects and using the orientation of objects in the area as reference.

6.4. Mismatch between EA boundary and physical feature
In some cases, a mismatch occurs between the EA boundary and a physical feature. The two maps above are examples of those types of situation. The map on the left shows a mismatch between the EA boundary and the road while the map on the right shows a mismatch between the EA boundary and the forest. In situations like those, assume the boundary of the EA follows an actual physical feature such as a road, forest edge, river, and so on.

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6.5. Green watercourses
Streams are a useful physical feature during digitization. A ribbon of vegetation often accompanies the stream. Keep in mind that the vegetation may be more or less green depending on when it last rained. Look for a ravine (channel carved out of land that a stream follows) or streambed that is the same shape as the vegetation.

6.6. Imagery seams
Many different images were used to create the imagery map of Malawi. The seams between these images will sometimes be noticeable. You may notice a difference in the greenness of the vegetation or a slight offset between physical features. These differences are due to the process of stitching the images together.