Sample characteristics: Malaysia

Nomads - In Malaysia, nomads are to be found amongst the Orang Asli. (Aborigines). The Department of Orang Asli assisted in enumerating the Orang Asli.

Persons living in remote areas
– The problem of persons living in remote and inaccessible areas was a particular problem in Sabah and Sarawak. In these areas, the two-stage system of enumeration was not employed, and the count was undertaken as a single operation.

Resident merchant, seamen and fishermen at sea on Census Night – In the Census these persons were designated as persons afloat. They were categorised into the following groups and with the exception of the last group (e), they were included in the Census Count:

(a) Crew and passengers on coastal ships sailing in Malaysian waters or at Malaysian ports or sailing between two Malaysian ports,
(b) Crew and passengers on vessels registered in Malaysia and engaged in regional trade,
(c) Persons living on boats and vessels moored in harbours, rivers or creeks,
(d) Fishermen at sea on Census Night, and
(e) Crew and passengers on foreign registered ships in port or in Malaysian waters.

Civilian residents who cross a frontier daily to work in another country – This category of persons was included in the Census in conformity with the principle of counting all persons present in the country on the night of August 24/25, 1970.

Civilian aliens who were temporarily in the country as seasonal workers were included in the Census count. So were all other Civilian aliens, other than those already listed, working in the country. Also, civilian aliens, other than those already listed, temporarily in the country were included in the count.

Foreign military, naval and diplomatic personnel and their families located in the country – All persons in this category were included in the Census count with the exception of persons claiming diplomatic immunity.

Wayfarers, homeless people and persons in hotels were included in the Census count – Special arrangements were made with the police and railway authorities to enumerate these persons. Recourse was made to road blocks to count travellers.

Military, naval and diplomatic personnel and their families located outside Malaysia were excluded from the Census count. Given the de facto approach, which requires only a count of persons present within Malaysia, these categories of persons were excluded from the count. Similarly, civilians who were temporarily away from the country on the night of the Census, were excluded.

Civilian residents, other than those already listed, working in another country were also excluded from the count. So were civilian residents, other than those already listed, temporarily absent from the country.

Civilian aliens who cross a frontier daily to work in Malaysia were omitted from the count.

**Note: The states of Borneo (Sabah and Sarawak) are excluded from the sample.

Expansion factor = 50.

Separate: A structure is considered separate if it is surrounded by walls, fence, etc., and is covered by roof.

Independent: A structure is said to be independent if it has direct access via a public staircase, communal passageway or landing (that is, occupants can come in or go out of their living quarters without passing through someone else’s premises).

In general, living quarters can be classified into two categories, that is:

(i) Built or converted for living (e.g. house, flat, apartment, shophouse, makeshift hut, hotel, hostels, etc.)
(ii) Not meant for living but used for this purpose on Census Day (e.g. in a building such as office, shop, barn, community hall, etc.)

Living quarters built or converted for living can be further classified into housing units and collective living quarters. Housing units are classified into six main types, namely: House; Flat/apartment/condominium; Shop house, office; Room (with direct access to the outside); improvised/temporary hut; and others. House can be further classified into Detached house; and Semi-detached house.

A household may either be a one person household or a multi-person household. The persons may be related by blood or marriage, or unrelated, or a combination of both.

(a) Persons living in remote and security areas
- These include the Orang Asli (Aborigines) in Peninsular Malaysia and other indigenous groups who live deep in the jungles in the interior of Sabah and Sarawak; also persons in security areas were included. The enumeration of such persons was done in a single stage operation.

(b) Military, naval and diplomatic personnel and their families and civilians staying outside Malaysia
- Since the strategy of enumeration was based on the de facto approach, this group of persons were excluded from the count. Civilians who were temporarily away from the country were also excluded.

(c) Resident merchants, seamen and passengers who were at sea on Census night

The following were included:-
(i) Crews and passengers on coastal ships sailing in Malaysian waters or in Malaysian ports or sailing between Malaysian ports;
(ii) Crews and passengers on vessels registered in Malaysia and engaged in regional trade. Crews and passengers on foreign registered ships in port or in Malaysian waters were, however, excluded.

(d) Civilian residents who cross a frontier daily to work in another country
-This group was included in the census if they were in Malaysia on Census night.

(e) Foreign military, naval and diplomatic personnel and their families located in the country
-All persons in this category were included in the census with the exception of persons having diplomatic immunity.

(f) Transients
-Wayfarers, homeless people and travellers were included in the census. Special arrangements were made with the police, railway and marine authorities to enumerate these people.

(g) Institutions
-Institutions in large hotels, hostels, hospitals and prisons were also included.

(h) Army camps and army personnel on patrol
-Army personnel were included in the census, through the assistance of the commanding officers of the camps.

**Note: The states of Borneo (Sabah and Sarawak) are excluded from the sample.

Expansion factor = 60.

Separate: A structure is considered separate if it is surrounded by walls, fence, etc., and is covered by roof.

Independent: A structure is said to be independent if it has direct access via a public staircase, communal passageway or landing (that is, occupants can come in or go out of their living quarters without passing through someone else’s premises).

In general, living quarters can be classified into two categories, that is:

(i) Built or converted for living (e.g. house, flat, apartment, shophouse, makeshift hut, hotel, hostels, etc.)
(ii) Not meant for living but used for this purpose on Census Day (e.g. in a building such as office, shop, barn, community hall, etc.)

Living quarters built or converted for living can be further classified into housing units and collective living quarters. Housing units are classified into six main types, namely: House; Flat/apartment/condominium; Shop house, office; Room (with direct access to the outside); improvised/temporary hut; and others. House can be further classified into Detached house; and Semi-detached house.

(a) Guests staying in hotels, lodging houses, rest-houses, etc;
(b) Persons staying in institutional living quarters such as educational, medical, charitable, religious and social welfare institutions, etc;
(c) Persons in prison, detention centers and lock-ups;
(d) Personnel in army/police camps and those on military patrol;
(e) Orang Asli (Aborigines) in Peninsular Malaysia;
(f) Wayfarers, homeless people and persons away at sea;
(g) Foreign military, naval and diplomatic personnel and their families.

All persons in this category were enumerated in the census with the exception of persons with diplomatic immunity who wished to be excluded.

Document 1: Listing Book which identified the Enumeration Block and list all living quarters in each block.

Document 2: The main census form which required the filling in of particulars on all listed living quarters, household and person.

Document 2a: Person Form. This document was used if a household contained more than seven members.

Document 3: Self-enumeration Form for Living Quarters/ Household.

Document 3a: Self-enumeration Person Form.

Document 4: Listing Card which assigned a control number to the living quarters.

Expansion factor = 50.

Separate: A structure is considered separate if it is surrounded by walls, fence, etc., and is covered by roof.

Independent: A structure is said to be independent if it has direct access via a public staircase, communal passageway or landing (that is, occupants can come in or go out of their living quarters without passing through someone else’s premises).

In general, living quarters can be classified into two categories, that is:

(i) Built or converted for living (e.g. house, flat, apartment, shophouse, makeshift hut, hotel, hostels, etc.)
(ii) Not meant for living but used for this purpose on Census Day (e.g. in a building such as office, shop, barn, community hall, etc.)

Living quarters built or converted for living can be further classified into housing units and collective living quarters. Housing units are classified into six main types, namely: House; Flat/apartment/condominium; Shop house, office; Room (with direct access to the outside); improvised/temporary hut; and others. House can be further classified into Detached house; and Semi-detached house.

The following categories were excluded from the Census count on the basis that they were staying in the country for less than six months in the Census year:-

(a) Malaysian citizens and permanent residents who were away or intended to be away from the country for six months or more in the Census year because of work, studies etc.;
(b) Malaysian military, naval and diplomatic personnel and their families who were staying outside Malaysia; and
(c) Foreigners such as tourists, businessman and the like who stayed or intended to be in Malayisa for less than six months.

Expansion factor = 50.

Separate: A structure is considered separate if it is surrounded by walls, fence, etc., and is covered by roof.

Independent: A structure is said to be independent if it has direct access via a public staircase, communal passageway or landing (that is, occupants can come in or go out of their living quarters without passing through someone else’s premises).

In general, living quarters can be classified into two categories, that is:

(i) Built or converted for living (e.g. house, flat, apartment, shophouse, makeshift hut, hotel, hostels, etc.)
(ii) Not meant for living but used for this purpose on Census Day (e.g. in a building such as office, shop, barn, community hall, etc.)

Living quarters built or converted for living can be further classified into housing units and collective living quarters. Housing units are classified into six main types, namely: House; Flat/apartment/condominium; Shop house, office; Room (with direct access to the outside); improvised/temporary hut; and others. House can be further classified into Detached house; and Semi-detached house.